Gadolinium(III) hydroxide

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Gandolinium trihydroxide
	Other names Gandolinium(III) hydroxide;
Identifiers
CAS Number	16469-18-4;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	77048;
ECHA InfoCard	100.036.817
EC Number	240-516-5;
PubChem CID	85434;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80936979 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Gd.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 Key: ILCLBMDYDXDUJO-UHFFFAOYSA-K;
	SMILES [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Gd+3];
Properties
Chemical formula	Gd(OH)3
Molar mass	208.3 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Melting point	307 °C (585 °F; 580 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Structure
Crystal structure	Hexagonal
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula Gd(OH)₃. Its nanoparticles has a potential use for layering various drugs, such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen.

Production and properties[edit]

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide can be produced in various ways such as the reaction of gadolinium(III) nitrate and sodium hydroxide:^[1]

Gd(NO₃)₃ + NaOH → Gd(OH)₃ + NaNO₃

If this compound is heated to 307 °C, it decomposes to gadolinium(III) oxide-hydroxide(GdOOH), which in turn decomposes to gadolinium(III) oxide if continually heated.^[1]

Uses[edit]

Gadolinium(III) hydroxide has no commercial uses. However, gadolinium(III) hydroxide nanoparticles have gained interest as a coating agent for various anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen^[3] due to their property to be non-cytotoxic.^[4] The nanoparticles are produced by adding base anion exchange resin to gadolinium(III) nitrate.^[2]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Logvinenko, V.; Bakovets, V.; Trushnikova, L. (2014). "Dehydroxylation kinetics of gadolinium hydroxide". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 115 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3274-1. S2CID 97056121.
^ ^a ^b Y. Kobayashi; H. Morimoto; T. Nakagawa; Y. Kubota; K.Gonda; N. Ohuchi (2016). "Fabrication of gadolinium hydroxide nanoparticles using ion-exchange resin and their MRI property". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 4 (1): 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.005. S2CID 101542680.
^ Yadong Xu; Alvaro Goyanes; Yuwei Wang; Andrew J. Weston; Po-Wah So; Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes; Andrew M. Fogg; Abdul W. Basit; Gareth R. Williams (2018). "Layered gadolinium hydroxides for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging". Dalton Transactions. 47 (9): 3166–3177. doi:10.1039/C7DT03729E. PMID 29355263. S2CID 3577750.
^ Hemmer, Eva; Kohl, Yvonne; Colquhoun, Victoria; Thielecke, Hagen; Soga, Kohei; Mathur, Sanjay (2010). "Probing Cytotoxicity of Gadolinium Hydroxide Nanostructures". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 114 (12): 4358–4365. doi:10.1021/jp911607h. PMID 20218658.

[decomp-1] Logvinenko, V.; Bakovets, V.; Trushnikova, L. (2014). "Dehydroxylation kinetics of gadolinium hydroxide". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 115 (1): 517–521. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3274-1. S2CID 97056121.

[pro-2] Y. Kobayashi; H. Morimoto; T. Nakagawa; Y. Kubota; K.Gonda; N. Ohuchi (2016). "Fabrication of gadolinium hydroxide nanoparticles using ion-exchange resin and their MRI property". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 4 (1): 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2016.01.005. S2CID 101542680.

[drug-3] Yadong Xu; Alvaro Goyanes; Yuwei Wang; Andrew J. Weston; Po-Wah So; Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes; Andrew M. Fogg; Abdul W. Basit; Gareth R. Williams (2018). "Layered gadolinium hydroxides for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging". Dalton Transactions. 47 (9): 3166–3177. doi:10.1039/C7DT03729E. PMID 29355263. S2CID 3577750.

[toxic-4] Hemmer, Eva; Kohl, Yvonne; Colquhoun, Victoria; Thielecke, Hagen; Soga, Kohei; Mathur, Sanjay (2010). "Probing Cytotoxicity of Gadolinium Hydroxide Nanostructures". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 114 (12): 4358–4365. doi:10.1021/jp911607h. PMID 20218658.

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