Freedom, Inc.

Freedom, Inc. or Freedom, Incorporated of Kansas City Missouri is a political organization founded in 1961^[1] by five African-American political activists,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Bruce Watkins, Howard Maupin, Charles Moore, Fred Curls, Leon Jordan. This was crucial to desegregation of Kansas City Missouri public facilities, the election of many black Missouri State Representatives since 1963, the "strong" candidacy of Bruce R. Watkins for Mayor of Kansas City in 1978-79, the 1982 election of Alan Wheat, the first black Congressman to represent a majority-white district in the Greater Kansas City Missouri Metropolitan Area,^[6] the 1991 election of Emmanuel Cleaver as the first black mayor of Kansas City, and—according to new information reported on KKFI on February 18, 2012 during an on-air interview of filmmaker Emiel Cleaver, possibly a blueprint responsible for elections of "First Black Mayors" in New Orleans, Louisiana and other major U.S. cities. The organization was reportedly the brainchild of Leon M. Jordan and Bruce R. Watkins, who were elected its first chairman and co-chairman, respectively.

References[edit]

^ Christensen, Lawrence O. (1999). Dictionary of Missouri biography. University of Missouri Press. pp. 402. ISBN 978-0-8262-1222-1.
^ "Freedom, INC official history by Jackson County Democratic Committee Jackson County Democratic Committee". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
^ http://gradworks.umi.com/14/33/1433019.html The founding of Freedom: A Kansas City civil rights organization since 1962 (Leon Jordan, Bruce R. Watkins, Missouri, by Hart, Amy, MA, Central Missouri State University, 2006, 0 pages; 1433019)
^ http://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Local&CISOPTR=36762&CISOBOX=1&REC=8 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine "History of Freedom, Inc., and Its Early Leaders" Master of Arts thesis at Missouri Valley Special Collections of Kansas City Public Library
^ "Filmmaker Emiel Cleaver tells the story of Freedom Inc". Kansas City Star. 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ Lublin, D. (1999). The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780691010106. Retrieved 2015-04-01.

External links[edit]

This article about a political organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This civil rights movement–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Christensen-1] Christensen, Lawrence O. (1999). Dictionary of Missouri biography. University of Missouri Press. pp. 402. ISBN 978-0-8262-1222-1.

[jacksoncountydemocraticcommittee-2] "Freedom, INC official history by Jackson County Democratic Committee Jackson County Democratic Committee". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2015-04-01.

[3] ttp://gradworks.umi.com/14/33/1433019.html The founding of Freedom: A Kansas City civil rights organization since 1962 (Leon Jordan, Bruce R. Watkins, Missouri, by Hart, Amy, MA, Central Missouri State University, 2006, 0 pages; 1433019)

[4] ttp://www.kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Local&CISOPTR=36762&CISOBOX=1&REC=8 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine "History of Freedom, Inc., and Its Early Leaders" Master of Arts thesis at Missouri Valley Special Collections of Kansas City Public Library

[5] "Filmmaker Emiel Cleaver tells the story of Freedom Inc". Kansas City Star. 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

[google-6] Lublin, D. (1999). The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780691010106. Retrieved 2015-04-01.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e Racism
Types of racism	Aversive Colorism Covert Cultural Cyber Environmental Gendered Institutional Internalized Laissez-faire Linguistic Neocolonial Romantic Scientific Societal Symbolic Xenophobia
Manifestations of racism	Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Biological determinism Discrimination based on nationality Global apartheid Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic jokes Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Hate crime Hate speech Hate group Racialization Racial hierarchy Racial nationalism Racial profiling Racial segregation
Racism by region	Africa South Africa Asia China Japan North Korea South Korea Thailand Vietnam Arab world Libya Saudi Arabia Sudan Australia Europe Denmark France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Russia Soviet Union Spain United Kingdom Middle East Iran Israel Palestine Turkey North America Canada United States Mexico South America Argentina Brazil Chile
Racism by target	Arab Asian & Pacific Islander Chinese Chinese Americans Zainichi Chinese Japanese Japanese Americans Japanese Koreans Korean Zainichi Koreans Vietnamese Black African Americans Women Native Americans Hispanic & Latino Mexican Internet Jewish Jewish Americans In Jewish communities LGBT Middle Eastern Muslim Romani Slavic Wine industry White supremacy Black supremacy
Related topics	Alt-right Anti-racism Casteism Ethnic plastic surgery Go back to where you came from Herrenvolk democracy Interminority racism in the United States Lynching Passing Perpetual foreigner Psychometrics of racism Race and sexuality Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Race card Racial figleaf Racial integration Racial quota Reverse racism Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Category Commons Index