Excluded point topology

In mathematics, the excluded point topology is a topology where exclusion of a particular point defines openness. Formally, let X be any non-empty set and p ∈ X. The collection

$T=\{S\subseteq X:p\notin S\}\cup \{X\}$

of subsets of X is then the excluded point topology on X. There are a variety of cases which are individually named:

• If X has two points, it is called the Sierpiński space. This case is somewhat special and is handled separately.
• If X is finite (with at least 3 points), the topology on X is called the finite excluded point topology
• If X is countably infinite, the topology on X is called the countable excluded point topology
• If X is uncountable, the topology on X is called the uncountable excluded point topology

A generalization is the open extension topology; if $X\setminus \{p\}$ has the discrete topology, then the open extension topology on $(X\setminus \{p\})\cup \{p\}$ is the excluded point topology.

This topology is used to provide interesting examples and counterexamples.

Properties

Let $X$ be a space with the excluded point topology with special point $p.$

The space is compact, as the only neighborhood of $p$ is the whole space.

The topology is an Alexandrov topology. The smallest neighborhood of $p$ is the whole space $X;$ the smallest neighborhood of a point $x\neq p$ is the singleton $\{x\}.$ These smallest neighborhoods are compact. Their closures are respectively $X$ and $\{x,p\},$ which are also compact. So the space is locally relatively compact (each point admits a local base of relatively compact neighborhoods) and locally compact in the sense that each point has a local base of compact neighborhoods. But points $x\neq p$ do not admit a local base of closed compact neighborhoods.

The space is ultraconnected, as any nonempty closed set contains the point $p.$ Therefore the space is also connected and path-connected.

See also

• Finite topological space
• Fort space
• List of topologies
• Particular point topology

References

• Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach, J. Arthur Jr. (1995) [1978], Counterexamples in Topology (Dover reprint of 1978 ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-486-68735-3, MR 0507446