A. J. Blackwell
A.J. Blackwell | |
|---|---|
| Born | January 29, 1842 |
| Died | June 19, 1903 (aged 61) |
| Other names | Colonel Blackwell |
A.J. Blackwell (Andrew Jackson Blackwell) (January 29, 1842 - June 19, 1903) was the founder and namesake of Blackwell, Kay County, Oklahoma. Blackwell, the city, was founded in September 1893 as of one of the Cherokee Allotments.[1] A.J. Blackwell had settled in the area in 1882,[2] having married the former Rosa Vaught who was of Cherokee descent, he was eligible to found the city. Blackwell served as Justice of the Peace and Mayor of Blackwell.[2] He also worked as a merchant in Fayetteville, Arkansas, built the first house in Ottawa, Kansas, and founded the towns of Rock Falls, Oklahoma Territory, David, Indian Territory, and Chelsea, Indian Territory.[3] An entrepreneur, he also established the first hotel in Blackwell,[4] and was president of the North Oklahoma Railroad.[2]
A.J. Blackwell was born on January 29, 1842, in Georgia to Janos and Matilda Blackwell.[3] He enlisted in the Confederate army during the Civil War under the 3rd Confederate Cavalry.[3] A.J. and Rosa Blackwell had two sons and one daughter: King Solomon, King David and Hazel.[5]
Prior to founding Blackwell, Oklahoma, A.J. Blackwell lived in Joplin, Missouri, where he held bear and dog fights and built the town's first opera house.[6] He was arrested on counterfeiting charges and spent time in the Missouri State Penitentiary.[7] Blackwell also was indicted twice for murder, but was not convicted.[8]
Early settlers in the town of Blackwell reportedly viewed A.J. Blackwell as a despot who operated as "practically a one-man government."[9] At one point, Blackwell brought a group of black workmen into town, in defiance of an unofficial but strict ban on their residence or employment there. This prompted a strong reaction from the townspeople, who fired shots at night at the tent where the black workers were staying.[9] Blackwell responded by brandishing a Winchester rifle to hold off the mob. Ultimately, however, the citizenry drove all members of the black race out of town.[7][10] A black family attempted to move into Blackwell in 1902, and was chased by a mob of 1,200 people who burned their home.[11]
In 1894, A.J. Blackwell was arrested by the Cherokee government, sentenced to death for treason, and tortured by being poked with steel rods after refusing to confess to charges of selling land to white settlers.[12] He was rescued the night before his scheduled execution.[13] His wife, Rosa, was deeded the land of the town of David, founded in 1895, as she could legally own it.[13] The Cherokees sued, and the white residents of the town were expelled in 1898.[13]
A.J. Blackwell died June 19, 1903, in Chelsea, Indian Territory, another town he had founded.[14][15] Prior to his death, in July 1902, Blackwell had erected a monument in his honor and publicly read his will.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ Bellatti, Mrs. C.R. "History of Blackwell". The Last Run: Kay County, Oklahoma, 1893. The Ponca City Chapter. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1939.
- ^ a b c "Blackwell, Andrew Jackson," Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago, IL, USA: American Publishers Association, p 117, 1902.
- ^ a b c Hall, Henry, "Andrew Jackson Blackwell", America's Successful Men of Affairs: The United States at large, p 89-90.
- ^ "The History of Blackwell." Top of Oklahoma museum, Blackwell, Oklahoma.
- ^ Cherokee Nation. Cherokee Roll. Field 5415, issued 1903. Arkansas History Commission.
- ^ Boucher, G.O., The reminisciences of G.O. Boucher, Part IV.", Historic Joplin, March 30th 2010.
- ^ a b "A.J. Blackwell Strikes Again!", Historic Joplin, September 13, 2010.
- ^ Capace, Nancy, "Blackwell, Oklahoma", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma, 1999, 130-131.
- ^ a b Work Projects Administration, Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State, 1941, p. 293.
- ^ Smallwood, James M., "Segregation Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society.
- ^ "No Negroes Wanted: Their Homes are Being Burned in Oklahoma", The Atlanta Journal Constitution, July 22, 1902.
- ^ "Tortured by the Cherokees", The New York Times, Dec 9, 1894
- ^ a b c "Squaw Owns a Town", Richland Shield and Banner, November 8, 1898.
- ^ "He Dropped Dead: A.J. Blackwell Suddenly Passes Away, He was a Town Builder and was the Founder of Blackwell Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Blackwell Sun, June 25, 1903.
- ^ "Col. Blackwell Dead Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Times Record, June 25, 1903
- ^ "Unveiled his own monument", Reading Eagle, Jul 6, 1902.