Cardiovascular drift

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Cardiovascular drift
SpecialtyCardiology

Cardiovascular drift (CVD, CVdrift) is the phenomenon where some cardiovascular responses begin a time-dependent change, or "drift", after around 5–10 minutes of exercise in a warm or neutral environment 32 °C (90 °F)+ without an increase in workload.[1][2] It is characterized by decreases in mean arterial pressure and stroke volume and a parallel increase in heart rate.[3] It has been shown that a reduction in stroke volume due to dehydration is almost always due to the increase in internal temperature.[4] It is influenced by many factors, most notably the ambient temperature, internal temperature, hydration and the amount of muscle tissue activated during exercise.[2] To promote cooling, blood flow to the skin is increased, resulting in a shift in fluids from blood plasma to the skin tissue.[citation needed] This results in a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and reduced stroke volume in the heart.[citation needed] To maintain cardiac output at reduced pressure, the heart rate must be increased.

Effects of cardiovascular drift are mainly focused around a higher rate of perceived effort (RPE); that is, a person will feel like they are expending more energy when they are not.[1] This creates a mental block that can inhibit performance greatly.[citation needed]

Cardiovascular drift is characterized by a decrease stroke volume and mean arterial pressure during prolonged exercise.[5]  A reduction in stroke volume is the decline in the volume of blood the heart is circulating, reducing the heart’s cardiac output.[6] The stroke volume is reduced due to loss of fluids in the body, reducing the volume of blood in the body.[7] This leads the increase in heart rate to compensate for the reduced cardiac output during exercise.[6] This inefficient cardiac output leads to a decrease in the maximum amount of oxygen used by the body – VO2Max.[8] This affects exercise performance by reducing the amount of oxygen that is delivered to the muscles during exercise.[8]

Prevention and minimization[edit]

Prevention or minimization of cardiovascular drift includes consistently replacing fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance during exercise, acclimatization to the environment in which one is performing, and weight training[citation needed] to supplement cardiovascular efforts. Fluid intake can reduce cardiovascular drift during periods of sustained exercise, but maintains VO2 max levels.[9] Vascular function and blood pressure can be negatively affected if dehydration occurs.[10] Short term exercise in extreme heat conditions negatively affects VO2 max levels.[11] Exercise over a longer period of time allows the body to acclimate, minimizing cardiovascular drift.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ (April 2012). "Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 40 (2): 88–94. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31824c43af. PMID 22410803. S2CID 205712752.
  2. ^ a b Souissi A, Haddad M, Dergaa I, Ben Saad H, Chamari K (December 2021). "A new perspective on cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise". Life Sciences. 287: 120109. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120109. PMID 34717912. S2CID 240206941.
  3. ^ Coyle EF, González-Alonso J (April 2001). "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 29 (2): 88–92. doi:10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009. PMID 11337829. S2CID 8000975.
  4. ^ Colakoglu M, Ozkaya O, Balci GA (September 2018). "Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift". Sports. 6 (3): 98. doi:10.3390/sports6030098. PMC 6162481. PMID 30223593.
  5. ^ Souissi A, Haddad M, Dergaa I, Ben Saad H, Chamari K (December 2021). "A new perspective on cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise". Life Sciences. 287: 120109. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120109. PMID 34717912. S2CID 240206941.
  6. ^ a b King J, Lowery DR (2022). "Physiology, Cardiac Output". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262215. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  7. ^ Kent M (January 2007). "Cardiovascular drift". The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-856850-6. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  8. ^ a b Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ (April 2012). "Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 40 (2): 88–94. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31824c43af. PMID 22410803. S2CID 205712752.
  9. ^ Coyle EF (June 1998). "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise and the effects of dehydration". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 19 (Suppl 2): S121–S124. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971975. PMID 9694416. S2CID 46349731.
  10. ^ Watso JC, Farquhar WB (August 2019). "Hydration Status and Cardiovascular Function". Nutrients. 11 (8): 1866. doi:10.3390/nu11081866. PMC 6723555. PMID 31405195.
  11. ^ a b Périard JD, Travers GJ, Racinais S, Sawka MN (April 2016). "Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation". Autonomic Neuroscience. Thermoregulation. 196: 52–62. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.002. PMID 26905458. S2CID 3771577.

Further reading[edit]

  • McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V (2007). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Cerny F, Burton H (2001). Exercise physiology for health care professionals. Human Kinetics.
  • Kounalakis SN, Nassis GP, Koskolou MD, Geladas ND (September 2008). "The role of active muscle mass on exercise-induced cardiovascular drift". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 7 (3): 395–401. PMC 3761905. PMID 24149908.
  • Maher M (24 August 2012). Cardiac Drift and Ironman Performance. Multisport Solutions.
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