Caninae

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Canines
Temporal range: Oligocene to Holocene (34 Ma-present) 34–0 Ma
Major canid clades, represented by a black-backed jackal (a wolf-like canine), a red fox (a vulpine) and a gray fox
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Genera[2][3][4][5]

The Caninae, known as canines (/knnz/),[6]: 182  are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae.[7] The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives.[1] Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era,[6]: 122  some 7 million to 8 million years ago.[7]

Taxonomy and lineage[edit]

Canid subfamilies
 Canidae 

The genus Leptocyon (Greek: leptos slender + cyon dog) includes 11 species and was the first primitive canine. They were small and weighed around 2 kg.[6]: 53  They first appeared in Sioux County, Nebraska in the Orellan era 34-32 million years ago, which was the beginning of the Oligocene.[1] This was the same time as the appearance of the Borophaginae with whom they share features, indicating that these were two sister groups. Borophaginae skull and dentition were designed for a powerful killing bite compared with the Leptocyon which were designed for snatching small, fast-moving prey. The species L. delicatus is the smallest canid to have existed. At the close of their genus 9 million years ago one Leptocyon lineage resembled the modern fox.[6]: 53  The various species of Leptocyon branched 11.9 Mya into Vulpini (foxes) and Canini (canines).[1]: 174–175 

The canines spent two-thirds of their history in North America, before dispersing 7 million years ago into Asia, Europe, and Africa. One of the characteristics that distinguished them from the Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae was their possession of less weight in their limbs and more length in their legs, which may have aided their dispersion. The first canine to arrive in Eurasia was the coyote-sized Canis cipio, whose scant fossils were found in Spain. However, the assignment of C. cipio within the canines to the genus Canis or genus Eucyon is not clear.[6]: 143–144 

Phylogenetic relationships[edit]

The results of allozyme and chromosome analyses have previously suggested several phylogenetic divisions:

Divisions Description Image Genus Species
Subtribe Canina[8] The wolf-like canines Canis Linnaeus, 1758
Cuon Hodgson, 1838
Lycaon Brookes, 1827
Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906
Subtribe Cerdocyonina[8] The South American canines Speothos Lund, 1839
Lycalopex Burmeister 1854
Cerdocyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839
Chrysocyon Smith, 1839
Atelocynus Cabrera, 1940
Tribe Vulpini[8] The fox-like canines Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838
  • N. procyonoides
  • N. viverrinus
  • Nyctereutes abdeslami
  • Nyctereutes donnezani
  • Nyctereutes megamastoides
  • Nyctereutes sinensis
  • Nyctereutes tingi
  • Nyctereutes vinetorum
Otocyon S. Müller, 1835
Vulpes Garsault, 1764
Genus Urocyon[8] Gray foxes Urocyon Baird, 1857

DNA analysis shows that the first three form monophyletic clades. The wolf-like canines and the South American canines together form the tribe Canini.[9] Molecular data imply a North American origin of living Canidae some 10 Mya and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon), with the jackals being the most basal of this group.

The South American clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog, and the fox-like canines by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The gray fox and island fox are basal to the other clades; however, this topological difference is not strongly supported.[10]

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh (2005)[10] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis,[11] Vulpes,[12] Lycalopex species,[13] and Dusicyon.[14]

 Caninae 
 Canini 
Canina

Canis latrans (coyote)

Canis rufus (red wolf)

Canis lycaon (algonquin wolf)

Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis familiaris (domestic dog)

Canis anthus (African wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (golden jackal)

Cuon alpinus (dhole)

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

Lupulella adusta (side-striped jackal)

Lupulella mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

 Cerdocyonina 

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

 Lycalopex 

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

 Vulpini 

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs)

 Vulpes 

Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox)

Vulpes macrotis (kit fox)

Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

 Urocyon 

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Tedford, Richard; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
  2. ^ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
  3. ^ Lyras, G.A.; van der Geer, A.E.; Dermitzakis, M.; de Vos, J. (2006). "Cynotherium sardous, an insular canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its origin". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 735–745. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[735:CSAICM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84448363.
  4. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. ^ Sotnikova, M. (2006). "A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp. nov.(Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 256: 11. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  6. ^ a b c d e Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 1–232. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0.
  7. ^ a b Miklosi, Adam (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 103–107. ISBN 978-0199545667 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b c d Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
  9. ^ Jensen, Per (2007). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs. CABI. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1-84593-188-9.
  10. ^ a b Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  11. ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
  12. ^ Zhao, Chao; Zhang, Honghai; Liu, Guangshuai; Yang, Xiufeng; Zhang, Jin (2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (2): 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 26868757.
  13. ^ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
  14. ^ Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. S2CID 36185744.

External links[edit]