Tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024

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Tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024
A regional map showing the combined severe weather outlook, confirmed tornadoes, and tornado warnings issued between April 26-28, 2024
Map of tornado warnings and confirmed tornadoes from the outbreak
Meteorological history
DurationApril 26–28, 2024
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes138
Maximum ratingEF4 tornado
Duration1 day, 17 hours, 27 minutes
Highest windsTornadic – 170 mph (270 km/h)
(Marietta, Oklahoma EF4 on April 27)
(A 224 mph (360 km/h) gust was measured by DOW on April 26 near Harlan, Iowa[a])
Highest gustsNon-tornadic – 80 mph (130 km/h) near Ball, Louisiana on April 28
Largest hail3.0 in (7.6 cm) – near Mount Ayr, Iowa (April 26) and Fox, Oklahoma (April 28)
Extratropical cyclone
Lowest pressure990 hPa (mbar); 29.23 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities6
Injuries156+ (+3 non-tornadic)
Missing1
Areas affectedMidwestern, Southern United States, High Plains
Power outages>29,000
Part of the Tornadoes of 2024

From April 26–28, 2024, a very large, deadly and destructive tornado outbreak occurred across the Midwestern, Southern, and High Plains regions of the United States, primarily on April 26 and 27.[2] The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first issued an enhanced risk for the Plains on April 26, as a broad upper-trough moved eastwards, with tornadic activity erupted in the states of Iowa and Kansas that evening. A moderate risk was issued by the SPC on April 27 for areas further south in Oklahoma, where a deadly nocturnal event unfolded with many supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes tracking over towns several times. Millions were put under a particularly dangerous situation (PDS) tornado watch on April 27, and several PDS tornado warnings were issued that night as numerous strong tornadoes touched down. The outbreak served as the beginning of a broader 16-day period of constant severe weather and tornado activity across the United States that would continue until May 10.

Damaging tornadoes occurred across many states over the two days of the outbreak. On April 26, a tornado in Lancaster County, Nebraska, injured three people,[3] which touched down in the northeastern outskirts of Lincoln, Nebraska.[4] At least six fatalities were attributed to the tornadoes, with more than 156 people injured.[5][6][7][8][9][10] At least twenty eight tornadoes were confirmed, with ten in Iowa and one each in Nebraska and Texas.[11] Significant damage was also reported in Elkhorn and near Bennington, Nebraska, from an EF3 wedge tornado that prompted a tornado emergency.[12][13] Another long-tracked tornado in Iowa that impacted Shelby County, Iowa, prompted two tornado emergencies as well.[14][15] On April 27, several tornadoes occurred in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Overnight, a significant tornado passed near Holdenville, Oklahoma, causing at least two fatalities and four injuries.[16][17] A tornado impacted Sulphur, Oklahoma, as well, causing at least 30 injuries.[18][19]

The outbreak was the largest since a similarly large and deadly outbreak the year prior, although this one was spread out over a slightly larger time period and was not as deadly, with only 6 people dying as a result of this outbreak, and over 150 people being injured. With a grand total of 138 tornadoes over a two-day period, the tornado outbreak gained 87 points on the outbreak intensity score.[20]

Meteorological synopsis[edit]

A National Weather Service Doppler Radar that has supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26, 2024.
Supercells moving through eastern Nebraska and western Iowa on April 26

On April 20, 2024, the National Weather Service's Storm Prediction Center (SPC) first delineated a severe weather risk for April 25–26, highlighting a zone extending from the Central Great Plains northeastward to the Midwestern U.S. The forecast was predicated on the development of thunderstorms downwind of an upper-tropospheric trough, where weather forecast models were depicting the advection of a moist airmass.[21] The forecast was maintained through the next two days. The risk area was expanded into northeastern Texas on April 22 and later extended to include the possibility of severe weather on April 27.[22][23]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On the morning of April 25, the SPC predicted an enhanced risk of severe weather for parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, highlighting the risk of tornadoes and large hail in connection with storms developing along a dry line between the Texas Panhandle and northwestern Kansas.[24] This risk was later narrowed to two focal areas: one in northwestern Kansas associated with supercells during the afternoon and evening, and a second near the Red River, associated with an forecast cluster of storms during the overnight hours.[25] During the afternoon, numerous thunderstorms developed near the dry line in eastern Colorado and near a low-pressure area in northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and northwestern Kansas.[26] These storms weakened during the evening upon moving northeastward into areas with less atmospheric instability,[27] with the threat for tornadoes diminishing overnight.[28] The SPC received six tornado reports from April 25 from states affected by these storms. Another cluster of thunderstorms developed in the Permian Basin of Texas in the early overnight hours,[29] becoming and maintaining severe characteristics as they tracked northeast into the Red River Valley.[30] This cluster eventually organized into a quasi-linear convective system over southern Oklahoma, potentially producing at least one tornado.[31][32] The SPC received 3 reports of tornadoes from Oklahoma during the early morning hours of April 26.[33]

April 26[edit]

On April 24, a widespread slight risk (level 2) area was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for April 26.[34] With an enhanced risk of severe weather in place, the Storm Prediction issued a tornado watch for eastern Oklahoma on the morning of April 26.[35] Several hours later, on the afternoon of April 26, another tornado watch was implemented for northeastern Nebraska, which included the possibility for "a couple of intense tornadoes."[36] At 3:41 p.m. CDT, a tornado emergency was issued for West Elkhorn as a large and destructive tornado moved through the area.[12] Some homes were completely leveled and many more structures suffered significant damage.[37] Another storm produced a large tornado near Harlan, Iowa, causing widespread destruction. A Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radar truck measured 1-second wind speeds of approximately 224 mph (360 km/h) at a height of ~282 yards (258 m) with the Harlan storm.[38][39]

April 27–28[edit]

In the morning hours of April 27, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk (level 4) for central Oklahoma, north-central Texas, extreme southwestern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas. The moderate risk included a significant 15% tornado risk, a significant 30% wind risk, and a significant 45% hail risk.[40] Multiple supercells formed that afternoon in northern Texas, western Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and northwestern Missouri. A 'particularly dangerous situation' (PDS) tornado watch was issued for western Oklahoma and northern Texas, warning of elevated probabilities for numerous tornadoes, some of which could be intense.[41]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

As the day went on, multiple tornadoes touched down, including a large tornado that passed near the town of Knox City, and another near Burkburnett, both in Texas. Numerous PDS tornado warnings were issued for large tornadoes near Cedar Vale, Kansas, as well as Newkirk, Oklahoma. As the day went on, supercells in the center of the main risk area waned, and a more linear mode developed.[42] The 00:00 UTC upper-air sounding from Norman, Oklahoma, depicted very strong shear, with storm-relative helicity in the 0–3 kilometer layer of 400 m2/s2 and mixed-layer CAPE of around 2300 J/kg.[43] As the lower-level jet further increased, 0-1km SRH was observed at 600 m2/s2.[44] Over the course of the successive hours, new tornadic supercells developed ahead of the main squall line and produced multiple large and intense tornadoes in southern and eastern Oklahoma. These tornadoes caused significant damage and prompted PDS tornado warnings for the towns of Ardmore, Holdenville, Marietta, Okemah and Sulphur.[45] A total of 23 PDS tornado warnings were issued as the intense storms caused damage.[46]

Confirmed tornadoes[edit]

See also: List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
13 40 59 16 8 1 0 138

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa[edit]

Elkhorn–Bennington–Blair, Nebraska/Modale, Iowa
EF3 damage to a home in Elkhorn, Nebraska
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 3:30 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 4:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration59 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds165 mph (266 km/h)
Overall effects
Casualties0 fatalities, 0 injuries

This high-end EF3 tornado prompted the issuance of a tornado emergency as it moved through the northwestern Omaha Metro.[47] The tornado touched down at south of West Q Road near the Platte River and traveled northeastward, damaging trees and farmstead outbuildings.[48][49][50] As the tornado crossed the intersection of Grover Street and South 252nd Street, it strengthened to mid-EF2 strength, where it ripped the roof off a home.[48] The tornado maintained EF2 strength as it crossed N-92, near the intersection of US 275, where it damaged numerous homes and hit an acreage.[49] In the acreage, multiple center pivots were overturned.[49] A grain silo also sustained EF2 damage in this area.[48] Crossing US 275, the tornado struck several more acreages and damaged multiple homes and outbuildings at EF1 to EF2 intensity.[48][49] The tornado weakened as it crossed 234th Street and L-28B, where it damaged a horse farm and a home at EF1 intensity. As the tornado crossed the Elkhorn River, it caused EF0 to EF1 damage to several trees and other center pivots.[48][49]

NEXRAD velocity of the tornado as it was passing north of Elkhorn

As the tornado entered the Omaha neighborhood of Elkhorn around the intersection of 216th Street and N-64, it re-strengthened to EF2 intensity as it collapsed metal light poles near the Prospect Hill Cemetery.[48][49] Several headstones in the cemetery were damaged.[49] The tornado then damaged the Heritage Nursery Landscaping business before moving into the Ramblewood subdivision, where it was approximately 0.7 mi (1.1 km) in width.[48][49] As the tornado struck the subdivision, it strengthened to high-end EF3 intensity, where it damaged or destroyed numerous homes with winds up to 155 mph (249 km/h).[48][49] Many homes were left almost completely flattened, and other homes collapsed after being shifted off their foundations.[48] Continuing northeast, the tornado struck multiple homes along Fowler Street and Larimore Avenue. Two homes along Larimore Avenue were completely destroyed at mid-EF3 strength, with one home being newly built and newly anchored with nails and anchor bolts to a sill plate.[48][49] As the tornado crossed Fort Street, it damaged several new homes at EF2 intensity. At least one home along North 212th Street sustained low-end EF3 damage.[48][49] Exiting the subdivision, the tornado grew to almost a mile-wide and crossed N-31, snapped numerous wooden and steel power poles and trees.[49]

The tornado then narrowed to a half-mile wide and weakened to EF1 strength as it continued northeastward, snapping trees and damaging the roofs of outbuildings and homes. The tornado then reached EF2 intensity again southwest of Bennington unroofing homes and snapping trees in a residential area. Continuing northeastward, the tornado intensified further to high-end EF2 intensity as it struck a development along Newport Landing Lake to the west of Burlington. Homes in this area suffered extensive damage with roofs removed and exterior walls knocked down, and power poles and trees were snapped. After crossing the lake and N-36, the tornado continued to snap trees and power lines and damage outbuildings at EF1 intensity before moving into Washington County. The tornado regained EF2 strength upon entering the county, causing moderate to heavy damage to homes and damaging or destroying outbuildings well east of Washington. An isolated pocket of low-end EF3 damage occurred near the intersection of County Road 29 and County Road 40 where an unanchored home was shifted entirely off its foundation and destroyed with nearby trees snapped and debarked. A flat-bed and horse-trailers on the property were rolled or lofted, and the machine shop and horse barns were destroyed, killing at least one horse and injuring several others. Another unanchored home was shifted off its foundation and partially collapsed, power poles were snapped, and more trees were uprooted or snapped. As it approached N-133, the tornado continued to cause mid-range to high-end EF2 damage, ripping the roofs off and knocking down the exterior walls of homes, damaging or destroying outbuildings, damaging at least one mobile home, snapping wooden power poles, and snapping or uprooting numerous trees. The tornado's width ranged from one-third to one-half mile wide along this portion of its path.[48][49]

After crossing N-133, the tornado rapidly intensified to its peak intensity as it impacted small neighborhoods to the south of Blair. Several homes were completely destroyed, including some that were swept away. These homes were either unanchored or poorly anchored and this damage was rated high-end EF3 as a result. Other homes in the area were also unroofed with some or all of the exterior walls knocked down. Northeast of there, the tornado destroyed another unanchored home and caused extensive tree damage. The tornado then weakened, causing EF0-EF1 damage to homes and trees as it approached US 75. EF2 damage occurred as the tornado crossed US 75, where an unanchored home was shifted off its foundation and leveled, other homes suffered minor to heavy roof damage, trees and power poles were snapped, and several 50 ft (15 m) tank cars at Cargill Plant were derailed.[48][49]

The tornado then weakened again and crossed the Missouri River into Iowa, producing EF0 damage to trees as it moved northeastward. The tornado then crossed over US 30 and moved across bottom-land/agricultural areas at EF0-EF1 intensity, snapping or uprooting several trees and tipping over center pivots. The tornado then turned east-northeast and dissipated south of Modale.[48][49]

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa[edit]

Minden–Tennant–Harlan–Defiance, Iowa
The tornado viewed as it was moving near Minden, Iowa
Meteorological history
FormedApril 26, 2024, 5:25 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedApril 26, 2024, 6:29 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration64 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)*
*A 224 mph (360 km/h) gust was measured by a DOW near Harlan, Iowa - unofficial academic analysis
Overall effects
Casualties1 fatality, 3 injuries

This very large multiple-vortex tornado touched down at 5:25 p.m. CDT in central Pottawattamie County, shortly after another EF3 tornado to its west from the same supercell lifted. Roughly for the next ten minutes, the tornado maintained EF0 strength, with damage limited to trees and outbuildings. The tornado then began to rapidly intensify as it approached Minden from the southwest, destroying outbuildings and snapping trees at EF2 intensity. As it entered Minden at around 5:42 p.m. CDT, the tornado strengthened to EF3 intensity and reached a width of just less than a half-mile as it impacted the southeast part of town. Several retail locations, as well as many homes in the area, were badly damaged or completely demolished. The tornado reached its peak intensity in the far east side of Minden, where several poorly-anchored homes were completely destroyed and leveled at high-end EF3 intensity. Several large metal buildings along Main Street were also destroyed. One fatality and three injuries occurred in Minden.[9] The tornado more or less maintained its intensity as it crossed Tamarack Road and exited Minden around 5:45 p.m. CDT, at which point a tornado emergency was issued for Minden and, later, points northeast.[51] Several farmsteads and small homes in the area were damaged at EF2 or EF3 intensity. The tornado, around three-quarters of a mile wide, then crossed I-80, flipping a semi-truck, and produced a swath of vegetation and building damage to the north of the interstate along York Road.[48]

The large tornado then moved into Shelby County and passed less than a mile to the west of Shelby continuing to cause tree and powerline damage over open terrain as it moved northeastward. As the tornado neared Tennant, it inflicted heavy EF2 damage to a home to the south of the town. Southeast of the town, another home suffered EF2 damage, and a barn was destroyed. To the northeast of Tennant, the tornado reached its peak width, producing an almost mile-wide swath of tree and power line damage. There was also roof damage to homes and outbuildings, including one outbuilding that was destroyed. The tornado then passed west of Harlan at around 6:06 p.m. CDT, destroying a home along Iowa 44. Although most of the walls of the home were left standing, the damage was rated low-end EF3 based on nearby tree damage along with a large vehicle being thrown or rolled nearly a quarter-mile.[48] At 6:08 p.m. CDT, a Doppler on Wheels unit recorded wind speeds of 224 miles per hour (360 km/h) 600 metres (2,000 ft) aloft, winds equivalent to EF5 intensity on the Enhanced Fujita scale, although these winds did not impact any structures. EF2 damage occurred during this time as more outbuildings were destroyed, more homes suffered roof damage and trees suffered extensive damage. to the north of Harlan, three homes were suffered EF2 roof damage as the tornado crossed Iowa 59. Outbuildings were damaged or destroyed and more trees were snapped or uprooted.[48][9]

After this, the tornado weakened to EF1 intensity and turned due north, paralleling Iowa 59 as another tornado developed to its east. Damage here was mostly limited to trees and outbuildings, although one outbuilding was destroyed at low-end EF2 intensity. The tornado would narrowly miss Defiance and become rain-wrapped with another tornado crossing its damage path in this area about 30 minutes later. The tornado then dissipated to the north of the town around 6:29 p.m. CDT.[48][52][9][53]

Non-tornadic effects[edit]

Numerous roads were forced to close as a result of flooding, including US 77, US 177, and US 266 in Oklahoma, as well as US 54, US 160, and US 400 in Kansas.[54][55][56] I-35 near the Texas border line was also briefly closed due to downed power lines and overturned vehicles.[54] There were more than 29,000 power outages across Texas, and nearly 11,000 power outages occurred across Nebraska, including nearly 10,000 across the Lincoln, Nebraska area.[4][57][7] Flooding also injured one person in Everman, Texas.[58] One person was injured when a tree fell on a residence in State Line, Arkansas.[59]

Aftermath[edit]

On April 26, a disaster declaration was declared in Pottawattamie County, including Minden, by Iowa governor Kim Reynolds.[60][61] Following major damage, Eppley Airfield in Omaha, Nebraska, was briefly closed, but was re-opened after damage assessments.[62][63] A curfew was also implemented in Washington County, Nebraska, from 10pm to 6am for several days.[64]

Early in the morning of April 28, 2024, Oklahoma governor Kevin Stitt issued a state of emergency in 12 Oklahoma counties due to the large amount of damage and ongoing search and rescue. These include Carter, Cotton, Garfield, Hughes, Kay, Lincoln, Love, Murray, Okfuskee, Oklahoma, Payne and Pontotoc counties.[65] The town of Sulphur, Oklahoma, was heavily damaged, with shops, restaurants and other businesses completely destroyed.[66] A state of emergency was declared in Sulphur.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornado outbreak of April 26–28, 2024.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ A Doppler on Wheels measured this wind speed from the tornado 282 yards (258 m) above the surface.[1]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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