The Skeptical Environmentalist

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The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World
Hardcover edition
AuthorBjørn Lomborg
Original titleVerdens sande tilstand
TranslatorHugh Matthews
LanguageEnglish
Danish
SubjectEnvironmental economics and issues
Natural resources
GenreNon-fiction
PublisherCentrum, Cambridge University Press
Publication date
22 September 1998 (Danish)
Published in English
30 August 2001
ISBN0-521-01068-3
OCLC45618321
363.7 21
LC ClassGE149 .L65 2001
Followed byCool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming 

The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Danish: Verdens sande tilstand, lit. 'The True State of the World') is a book by Danish author and statistician Bjørn Lomborg which focuses on the author's view of environmental economics and issues. It was first published in Danish in 1998 by Centrum, and in English by Cambridge University Press in 2001.

Lomborg argues against a wide range of what he considers overly pessimistic claims and policies about environmental issues and their impact on human prosperity, and challenges them using cost–benefit analysis. In the book, he argues that concerns over pollution, environmental degradation, decline in natural resources, and climate change are overstated, while outlining his views of policy responses like the Kyoto Protocol remain insufficient and cause more harm than good. He wrote that the focus being channelled to poverty reduction and combating diseases.

The book generated great controversy and negative reviews upon its release.[1] Lomborg's assertions were criticised by scientists and groups both in Denmark and internationally. Positive reception in some popular media outlets contrasted sharply with this, and thus combined with the ensuing debate aided the book's profile.[1][2]

The author was formally investigated by the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD) for scientific dishonesty, which confirmed the accusation and lack of expertise in relevant fields used in the book. The Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation criticised procedural aspects drawn by the DCSD, though decided not to reinvestigate. The Skeptical Environment established Lomborg's profile as an opponent of the scientific consensus on climate change. In 2007, Lomborg published a follow-up work titled Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming.

Background[edit]

see caption
Portrait of the author, Bjørn Lomborg

The book was written by Bjørn Lomborg, a Danish statistician who worked at Aarhus University, where he started the writing in the 1990s.[1] He was inspired by Julian Lincoln Simon's interview which was published in the magazine, Wired.[1] He assumed Simon's views was the product of his American conservative thinking in 1997, Lomborg undertook similar assessment along with some of his students which yield same conclusions as Simon.

In 1998, Lomborg published four articles in the Danish newspaper, Politiken outlining his research and study. These attracted media coverage and controversy in Denmark.[1][3] These findings were published as a book in Danish on 22 September 1998 as Verdens Sande Tilstand (The True State of the World)[1] by Centrum.[4] and as The Skeptical Environmentalist in English, by Cambridge University Press in 2001. Sections on global warming, notes and references were expanded.[1][3]

Contents[edit]

The Skeptical Environmentalist's subtitle refers to the State of the World report, published annually since 1984 by the Worldwatch Institute.[1] Lomborg designated the report "one of the best-researched and academically most ambitious environmental policy publications," but criticized it for using short-term trends to predict disastrous consequences, in cases where long-term trends would not support the same conclusions.

In establishing its arguments, The Skeptical Environmentalist examined a wide range of issues in the general area of environmental studies, including environmental economics and science, and came to a set of conclusions and recommendations. Lomborg's work directly challenged what it framed as "the Litany of our ever deteriorating environment" by interpreting data from around 3,000 mostly secondary sources.[1] These include The author suggested that environmentalists have diverted potentially beneficial resources to less deserving environmental issues in ways that were economically damaging. He portrays his book as an unbiased and scientific refutation of the claims of environmental groups.[5] Much of the book's methodology and integrity have been subject to criticism, which argue that Lomborg distorted the fields of research he covers.[6][7][8]

The Skeptical Environmentalist is arranged around four major themes:

  1. Human prosperity from an economic and demographic point of view. He argues prosperity, life expectancy, food and hunger and health have improved over the past centuries in most parts of the world, despite ongoing challenges such as HIV/AIDS. He dismisses Thomas Malthus' theory that increases in the world's population lead to widespread hunger.
  2. Human prosperity from an ecological point of view. Lomborg examines the state of natural resources and draws a conclusion that contrasts to that of the well known report The Limits to Growth. He argues that food is increasing, with the exception of fish which is depleting. He argues that there is no indication of widespread deforestation, and economic growth is a solution to the issue in developing countries. Lomborg asserts that rare materials and oil are not being depleted as fast as is claimed, and that improvements of technology will provide people with fossil fuels for years to come. Lomborg says that water conflicts will not take place because they are not cost-effective, and argues in favour of better water management.
  3. Pollution as a threat to human prosperity. He connects air pollution and water pollution with economic growth, and argues that faster economic growth will reduce their impacts. He also says that fears over waste are overblown given the percentage of land they can take up.
  4. Future threats to human prosperity. Lomborg puts forward his main assertion that based on cost-benefit analysis, environmental threats to human prosperity are overstated and policy responses are misguided. He states his view that links between pesticide use and cancer are exaggerated and that biodiversity loss and species extinction have little impact on human prosperity. On global warming, Lomborg accepts its occurrence but expresses doubts over computer modelling and argues that policy responses such as the Kyoto Protocol have greater costs than benefits.

Lomborg's main argument is that the vast majority of environmental problems—such as pollution, water shortages, deforestation, and species loss, as well as population growth, hunger, and AIDS—are area-specific and highly correlated with poverty. He concludes that challenges to human prosperity are essentially logistical matters, and can be solved largely through economic and social development.

Reception[edit]

Edward O. Wilson, Thomas Lovejoy and Peter Gleick were among the scientists that criticized the book upon release.

The Danish Ecological Council, an advisory committee on environmental issues, published a "counter-publication" which criticised Lomborg's methods and approach in his book. The publication was released in 1999 as Fremtidens Pris (The Price of the Future), written by 18 contributors of various disciplines.[1] The book generally received negative reviews from critics,[1] focusing on the author's methodology, data issues, theories and concepts, the most common were the selective use of data, followed by referencing, and lack of focus on the environmental movement.[1] Most environmental scientists argued that the book was deeply flawed, and that the state of the environment was not clearly represented.[5]

The Union of Concerned Scientists published a critique of the book, highlighting reviews by Peter Gleick, Jerry D. Mahlman, Thomas Lovejoy, Norman Myers, Jeffrey Harvey, E. O. Wilson and Stuart Pimm. They concluded that the book fits squarely in a tradition of contrarian environmental works, which may gain temporary prominence but ultimately fail to stand up to scientific scrutiny.[9] Harvey said that the book lacks a University undergraduate quality, though "considering that ecology is the most complex of sciences and Lomborg has never done a shred of work in the field." He added that he will fail any of his students who will write such.[1] In a letter, Wilson said that the greatest regret he had about the book was "the time wasted by scientists correcting the misinformation created."[1]

In January 2002, a heading from Scientific American read, "Misleading Math about the Earth" and contained set of essays written by scientists on the book. The article concluded that The Skeptical Environmentalist misrepresented both scientific evidence and opinion.[10] The journal also refused Lomborg's request of publishing a defense print of 32 pages,[1] rather a page in the later May issue in 2002.[11] The magazine later published his complete rebuttal on its website,[12] along with the counter rebuttals of John Rennie[13] and John P. Holdren.[14]

Nature also published a harsh review of Lomborg's book, in which Stuart Pimm of the Center for Environmental Research and Conservation at Columbia University and Jeff Harvey of the Netherlands Institute of Ecology wrote: "Like bad term papers, Lomborg's text relies heavily on secondary sources. Out of around 2,000 references, about 5% come from news sources and 30% from web downloads — readily accessible, therefore, but frequently not peer reviewed." They continued that "the text employs the strategy of those who, for example, argue that gay men aren't dying of AIDS, that Jews weren't singled out by the Nazis for extermination, and so on."[15]

Peter Gleick was also highly critical, stating "there is nothing original or unique in Lomborg's book. Many of his criticisms have appeared in... previous works—and even in the work of environmental scientists themselves. What is new, perhaps, is the scope and variety of the errors he makes."[16] David Pimentel wrote a critical review in Population and Environment, particularly taking issue with Lomborg's argument on soil erosion, pesticides, deforestation and water resources. He concluded that "as an agricultural scientist and ecologist, I wish I could share Lomborg's optimistic views, but my investigations and that of countless scientists leads me to a more conservative outlook."[17] Roger A. Pielke, meanwhile, defended Lomborg and the book, describing the debate as an example of politicising science.[18]

The 12 December 2001 issue of Grist devoted an issue to The Skeptical Environmentalist,[8] with a series of essays from various scientists challenging individual sections. A separate article examining the book's overall approach by Kathryn Schulz took issue with the framing of Lomborg's conclusions, asking "[why] does he weigh the environment only against hospitals and childcare, rather than against, say, industry subsidies and defense spending?".[19]

Media coverage[edit]

Influential UK newsweekly The Economist supported Lomborg's views, publishing an advance essay by Lomborg in which he detailed his "litany", and following up with a highly favorable review and supportive coverage. It stated that "This is one of the most valuable books on public policy—not merely environmental policy—to have been written for the intelligent general reader in the past ten years...The Skeptical Environmentalist is a triumph."[20][21] The book was widely cited in conservative media and groups who oppose environmental regulations.[5]

In a profile of Lomborg preceding the book's publication The New York Times stated that "The primary target of the book, a substantial work of analysis with almost 3,000 footnotes, are statements made by environmental organizations like the Worldwatch Institute, the World Wildlife Fund and Greenpeace."[22] The Wall Street Journal deemed Lomborg's work "a superbly documented and readable book."[23] In The Washington Post, Denis Dutton claimed that "Bjørn Lomborg's good news about the environment is bad news for Green ideologues. His richly informative, lucid book is now the place from which environmental policy decisions must be argued. In fact, The Skeptical Environmentalist is the most significant work on the environment since the appearance of its polar opposite, Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, in 1962. It's a magnificent achievement."[24] Rolling Stone wrote that "Lomborg pulls off the remarkable feat of welding the techno-optimism of the Internet age with a lefty's concern for the fate of the planet."[6]

In his review, Chris Lavers took issue with Lomborg's characterisation of deforestation, saying "The area of land covered with trees may not have changed much in the last 50 years, but this is mostly because northern forests have increased in area while the biologically richer tropical ones have declined."[25]

Chris Lavers gave a mixed review in The Guardian, saying Lomborg "is clearly committed to rubbishing the views of hand-picked environmentalists, frequently the very silly ones such as Ehrlich, whom professionals have been ignoring for decades" and criticising his framing of deforestation.[26]

In a BBC column from 23 August 2001, veteran BBC environmental correspondent Alex Kirby wrote:[27]

I am neither a statistician nor a scientist, and I lack the skill to judge Lomborg's reworkings of the statistics of conventional wisdom. But I am worried that on virtually every topic he touches, he reaches conclusions radically different from almost everybody else. That seems to suggest that most scientists are wrong, short-sighted, naïve, interested only in securing research funds, or deliberately dancing to the campaigners' tune. Most I know are honest, intelligent and competent. So it beggars belief to suppose that Professor Lomborg is the only one in step, every single time.[27]

Kirby's first concern was not with the extensive research and statistical analysis, but the conclusions drawn from them, concluding: "In the rational world that Bjørn Lomborg thinks we all inhabit, we would manage problems sensibly, one by one. But the real world is messier, more unpredictable—and more impatient."[27]

Legal scholar David Shoenbrod was one of the defenders of Lomborg.[1] In March 2003, the New York Law School Law Review published[28] an examination of the critical reviews of Skeptical Environmentalist from the Scientific American, Nature and Science magazines by Shoenbrod and then-Senior Law Student Christi Wilson of New York Law School. The authors defend Lomborg, say that the book is "largely free from factual errors", and characterise the scientific community's response to the book as a "disingenuous attack", using legal arguments that a court should accept Lomborg as a credible expert witness in the field of statistics, given that his testimony would be appropriately restricted to his area of expertise.[28][1]

Reception of media coverage[edit]

One critical article, "The Skeptical Environmentalist: A Case Study in the Manufacture of News", attributes the book's media success to its initial, influential supporters, who linked its message to a European visit from United States president George W. Bush.[2]

News of the pending book first appeared in the UK in early June of 2001 when a Sunday Times article by Nayab Chohan featured an advanced report of claims made by Lomborg that London's air was cleaner than at any time since 1585. Headlined "Cleanest London Air for 400 Years," the publicity hook was both local and timely, as the tail end of the article linked the book's questioning of the Kyoto climate change protocol to U.S. president George W. Bush's visit the same week to Europe, and Bush's controversial opposition to the treaty. The Times followed up the report the next day with a news article further detailing the book's Kyoto protocol angle. With The Times reports, Lomborg and his claims had made the Anglo media agenda. As is typically the case, other media outlets followed the reporting of the elite newspaper. Articles pegging the claims of The Skeptical Environmentalist to Bush's European visit ran later that week in the U.K's The Express and Daily Telegraph, and Canada's Toronto Star.[2]

Marc Kreider, Skeptical Inquirer

Richard C. Bell, writing for Worldwatch argued that many reviews in prominent publications were written by individuals with prior association with Lomborg, "instead of seeking scientists with a critical perspective." In The Wall Street Journal, a review was published by the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Ronald Bailey, someone "who had earlier written a book called The True State of the World, from which much of Lomborg's claims were taken." Bell also criticized the Washington Post, whose Sunday Book World assigned the book review to Denis Dutton, identified as "a professor of philosophy who lectures on the dangers of pseudoscience at the science faculties of the University of Canterbury in New Zealand", and the editor of the web site Arts and Letters Daily. Bell noted that "The Post did not tell its readers that Dutton's web site features links to the Global Climate Coalition, an anti-Kyoto consortium of oil and coal businesses, and to the messages of Julian Simon—the man whose denial that global warming was occurring apparently gave Lomborg the idea for his book in the first place."[29]

Pieing incident[edit]

Mark Lynas, who pied Lomborg over disagreement with his views set out in The Skeptical Environmentalist.

On 5 September 2001, at a Lomborg book reading in England, British environmentalist author Mark Lynas threw a cream pie in Lomborg's face. In a 9 September 2001, article, "Why I pied Lomborg", Lynas stated "Lomborg specialises in presenting the reader with false choices—such as the assertion that money not spent on preventing climate change could be spent on bringing clean water to the developing world, thereby saving more lives per dollar of expenditure. Of course, in the real world, these are not the kind of choices we are faced with."[30] Lynas also commented on the difficulty of challenging Lomborg's book, arguing "his work, as flawed as it is, has clearly been very time-consuming and meticulous. In a busy and under funded world, few people have the time or background knowledge to plow though 3,000 footnotes checking his sources. It is impressively interdisciplinary."[31] Lomborg later said he was "stunned" by the incident, but "at least the pie tasted good".[3]

Accusations of scientific dishonesty[edit]

After the publication of The Skeptical Environmentalist, Lomborg was accused of scientific dishonesty. Several environmental scientists brought a total of three complaints against Lomborg to the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), a body under Denmark's Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Lomborg was asked whether he regarded the book as a "debate" publication, and thereby not under the purview of the DCSD, or as a scientific work; he chose the latter, clearing the way for the inquiry that followed.[32] The charges claimed that The Skeptical Environmentalist contained deliberately misleading data and flawed conclusions. Due to the similarity of the complaints, the DCSD decided to proceed on the three cases under one investigation.

Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty investigation[edit]

A six-month review took place and on 6 January 2003, a 17-page DCSD ruling was released, in which the Committees decided that The Skeptical Environmentalist showed "systematic one-sidedness" and was scientifically dishonest, but Lomborg was innocent of wrongdoing due to a lack of expertise in the relevant fields.[33][5] The investigation heavily relied on published reviews of the book.[3]

Objectively speaking, the publication of the work under consideration is deemed to fall within the concept of scientific dishonesty. ... In view of the subjective requirements made in terms of intent or gross negligence, however, Lomborg's publication cannot fall within the bounds of this characterization. Conversely, the publication is deemed clearly contrary to the standards of good scientific practice.

Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty

The DCSD cited The Skeptical Environmentalist for fabrication of data, selective discarding of unwanted results (selective citation), deliberately misleading use of statistical methods, distorted interpretation of conclusions, plagiarism and deliberate misinterpretation of others' results.[33]

Lomborg defended his work, challenging the committee for not identifying specific errors. He also argued the report could jeopardise his employment at the Danish Institute for Environmental Assessment and some of his critics attempted to do this, although government officials denied his posting would be impacted.[5][34]

The DCSD decision about Lomborg led to a petition from some Danish social scientists, calling for the body to be abolished and arguing the body cannot hold the book to the same standards as medical and natural sciences.[35][36] Another group of around 600 Danish scientists, many of them from medical and natural science fields, collected signatures in support of the DCSD.[37][36] The ruling was also debated in parliament, and science minister Helge Sander asked the Danish Research Agency to establish a working group to scrutinise the DCSD's procedures.[36]

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation review and response[edit]

On 13 February 2003, Lomborg filed a complaint against the DCSD's decision with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MSTI), which oversees the group. On 17 December, the Ministry released a report identifying a number of procedural errors had made, although did not refute any criticisms of the book. It criticised the DCSD for not identifying specific areas of error and for not providing an opportunity for Lomborg to respond before the report's publication.[38]

The Ministry then remitted the case to the DCSD, and instructed the DCSD to decide whether to reinvestigate. On 12 March 2004, the Committee formally decided not to act further on the complaints, reasoning that renewed scrutiny would, in all likelihood, result in the same conclusion.[32][34]

Legacy[edit]

Jim Giles in Nature reviewed the book positively when he said it is "packed with facts and figures, yet it was the emotional response that it inspired that will be best remembered."[3] In 2005, an article by a group of non-climatologist scientists published in the Journal of Information Ethics, claimed that most criticism against the book was unjustified, and that the scientific community had misused their authority to suppress the author.[39] The claim that the accusations against Lomborg were unjustified was challenged in the next issue of the journal by Kåre Fog who asserts that, "despite the ministry's decision, most of the accusations against Lomborg were valid." He also rejected the Galileo hypothesis, "that Lomborg is a brave young man confronting old-fashioned opposition."[40]

Another article published in the Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences in 2010, recounted the controversy surrounding the book praising the author and publisher while concluding saying "the question remains why a book that contains so many flaws by someone without any scientific credentials has received so much public attention." The article also pointed contradiction of the principles of environmental economics in the book.[1] The Skeptical Environmentalist was seen as the major work of Lomborg. He was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2004, and established the Copenhagen Consensus to institutionalize his views.[41] He was also appointed director of the Environmental Assessment Institute in Denmark.[2] The Skeptical Environmentalist was followed by Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming, which was published in 2007.[41]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (1 March 2010). "An assessment of Lomborg's The Skeptical Environmentalist and the ensuing debate". Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences. 7 (1): 23–52. doi:10.1080/19438150903533730. ISSN 1943-815X. S2CID 216112173.
  2. ^ a b c d Kreidler, Marc (23 January 2003). "The Skeptical Environmentalist: A Case Study in the Manufacture of News". Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e Giles, Jim (1 May 2003). "The man they love to hate". Nature. 423 (6937): 216–218. doi:10.1038/423216a. ISSN 1476-4687.
  4. ^ "Verdens sande tilstand". WorldCat. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e Revkin, Andrew C. (8 January 2003). "Environment And Science: Danes Rebuke A 'Skeptic'". The New York Times.
  6. ^ a b Pielke Jr., Roger A. (2004). "When scientists politicize science: making sense of controversy over The Skeptical Environmentalist" (PDF). Environmental Science & Policy. 7 (5): 405–417. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2008.
  7. ^ Skeptical About The Skeptical Environmentalist Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Richard M. Fisher's review of The Skeptical Environmentalist, in "The Skeptical Inquirer".
  8. ^ a b "A skeptical look at The Skeptical Environmentalist". Grist. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  9. ^ "UCS Examines 'The Skeptical Environmentalist' | Union of Concerned Scientists". www.ucsusa.org. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Misleading Math about the Earth". Scientific American. January 2002. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  11. ^ "The Skeptical Environmentalist Replies". Scientific American. 286 (5): 14–15. 2002. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286e..14.. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0502-14. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  12. ^ "ScientificAmerican+BL for SA.PDF" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2005.
  13. ^ Rennie, John. "A Response to Lomborg's Rebuttal". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  14. ^ Holdren, John P. "A Response to Bj¿rn Lomborg¿s Response to My Critique of His Energy Chapter". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  15. ^ Stuart Pimm; Jeff Harvey (8 November 2001). "No need to worry about the future". Nature. 414 (6860): 149. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..149P. doi:10.1038/35102629. S2CID 205022759.
  16. ^ Peter H Gleick (6 November 2001). "Where's Waldo? A Review of The Skeptical Environmentalist (Bjorn Lomborg)" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  17. ^ Pimentel, David (1 March 2002). "Book Review: The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Bjorn Lomborg. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press". Population and Environment. 23 (4): 419–428. doi:10.1023/A:1014528920090. ISSN 1573-7810. S2CID 150485996. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  18. ^ Pielke, Roger A. (1 October 2004). "When scientists politicize science: making sense of controversy over The Skeptical Environmentalist". Environmental Science & Policy. Science, Policy, and Politics: Learning from Controversy Over The Skeptical Environmentalist. 7 (5): 405–417. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.004. ISSN 1462-9011.
  19. ^ Schulz, Kathryn (12 December 2001). "Let Us Not Praise Infamous Men". Grist Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 4 May 2005.
  20. ^ "Doomsday postponed". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  21. ^ "Defending science". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  22. ^ Wade, Nicholas (7 August 2001). "Bjorn Lomborg; From an Unlikely Quarter, Eco-Optimism". The New York Times.
  23. ^ Bailey, Ronald (2 October 2001). "Why All Those Dire Predictions Have No Future". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  24. ^ Dutton, Denis (20 October 2001). "Greener Than You Think". Washington Post.
  25. ^ Lavers, Chris (1 September 2001). "Review: The Skeptical Environmentalist". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  26. ^ Lavers, Chris (1 September 2001). "Review: The Skeptical Environmentalist". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  27. ^ a b c "Bjorn Lomborg's wonderful world". 23 August 2001. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  28. ^ a b "What Happened to the Skeptical Environmentalist" (PDF). New York Law School Law Review. 46 (3): 581–614. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008.
  29. ^ "Commentary: Media Sheep". Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  30. ^ "schema-root.org/mark_lynas". Archived from the original on 2 May 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2005.
  31. ^ "CRITIQUE :: The Skeptical Environmentalist: Bjorn Lomborg". critique-magazine.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  32. ^ a b Hansen, Jens Morten (2008). "The 'Lomborg case' on sustainable development and scientific dishonesty". International Geological Congress. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Annual Report 2003 Danish Committees Scientific Dishonesty" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.. Retrieved 22-Dec-2008.
  34. ^ a b "Lomborg celebrates ministry ruling". BBC. 22 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  35. ^ "Underskriftsindsamling i protest mod afgørelsen om Bjørn Lomborg fra - Udvalgene Vedrørende Videnskabelig Uredelighed" Archived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 February 2006.
  36. ^ a b c Abbott, Alison (1 February 2003). "Social scientists call for abolition of dishonesty committee". Nature. 421 (6924): 681–681. doi:10.1038/421681b. ISSN 1476-4687.
  37. ^ "Verden ifølge Lomborg - eller den moderne udgave af "Kejserens Nye Klæder": Han har jo ikke noget på..." Archived 2006-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 February 2006.
  38. ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (23 December 2003). "Danish Ethics Panel Censured for Critique of Book". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Rörsch, A; Frello, Thomas; Soper, Ray; De Lange, Adriaan (2005). "On the opposition against the book The Skeptical Environmentalist by B. Lomborg". Journal of Information Ethics. 14 (1): 16–28. doi:10.3172/JIE.14.1.16. ():
  40. ^ Fog, K. (September 2005). "The real nature of the opposition against B. Lomborg". Journal of Information Ethics. 14 (2): 66–76. doi:10.3172/JIE.14.2.66.
  41. ^ a b "Bjørn Lomborg: the dissenting climate change voice who changed his tune". the Guardian. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Lomborg, Bjørn (2001). The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521010683.
  • van den Bergh, Jeroen (2010). An assessment of Lomborg's The Skeptical Environmentalist and the ensuing debate,[1] Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 7(1).

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Reviews[edit]

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