Rose Dugdale

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Rose Dugdale
Born
Bridget Rose Dugdale

(1941-03-25)25 March 1941
Honiton, Devon, England
Died18 March 2024(2024-03-18) (aged 82)
Dublin, Ireland
Education
OccupationEconomist
OrganisationProvisional IRA
Criminal penalty9 years' imprisonment
Spouse
Eddie Gallagher
​
(m. 1978)​
Children1

Bridget Rose Dugdale (25 March 1941 – 18 March 2024) was an English debutante who rebelled against her wealthy upbringing, becoming a volunteer in the militant Irish republican organisation, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).[1] As an IRA member, she took part in the theft of paintings worth IR£8 million, a bomb attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) station using a hijacked helicopter,[2] and developed a rocket launcher and an explosive.[3]

Early life and education[edit]

Dugdale was born into a wealthy English family on 25 March 1941.[4][5] Her millionaire father was an underwriter at Lloyd's of London who owned Yarty Farm, a 600-acre (2.4 km2) estate at Membury near Axminster in Devon.[6][7][8] The family also owned a house in London near Chelsea Hospital,[9] and Dugdale was educated at the nearby Miss Ironside's School for Girls in Kensington, west London.[10][11] She was a popular pupil, with fellow pupil Virginia Ironside stating: "Everyone adored this generous, clever and dashing millionaire's daughter, who was life and laughter".[9] After completing her early education Dugdale was sent abroad to attend a finishing school.[9] Then, in 1958, she was presented as a debutante at the start of the social season.[12] Her debutante ball was held in 1959, with Dugdale describing it as "one of those pornographic affairs which cost about what 60 old-age pensioners receive in six months".[6][9]

Later in 1959, Dugdale began reading philosophy, politics and economics at St Anne's College, University of Oxford.[13] While studying there, she began what newspapers would later describe as a "lunge to the left", when she and Jenny Grove, a fellow student, gatecrashed the Oxford Union wearing wigs and men's clothing in protest at the Union's refusal to admit women undergraduates as members, encouraged from the gallery by another student, Sarah Caudwell.[13][14] After completing her studies at Oxford, she travelled to the United States attending Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where she obtained a master's degree in philosophy, submitting a thesis on Ludwig Wittgenstein.[13] She also studied at the University of London, obtaining a PhD in economics.[6]

Early political activity[edit]

By the early 1970s, Dugdale had become politically radicalised due to the 1968 student protests, and she had also been inspired after visiting Cuba.[6][13] By 1972, she had devoted herself to helping the poor, after resigning from her job as an economist for the government, selling her house in Chelsea, and moving into a flat in Tottenham with her lover, Walter Heaton, who described himself as a "revolutionary socialist".[6][13] Heaton was a court-martialled former guardsman and militant shop steward who was married with two daughters, and had been imprisoned for several minor criminal offences including burglary, obstructing the police and fraudulent consumption of electricity.[13][15] Dugdale cashed in her share of the family syndicate at Lloyd's, estimated to be £150,000, and distributed the money to poor people in north London.[13] Dugdale and Heaton were involved in the civil rights movement, and together ran the Tottenham Claimants Union from a corner shop.[13] They had an interest in the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland, and they made frequent trips there to take part in demonstrations.[6][13]

In June 1973, the couple were arrested after a burglary at the Dugdale family home in Devon.[16] Paintings and silverware valued at £82,000 were stolen, and police believe the proceeds were destined to be sent to the IRA by Heaton.[12][16] At the trial at Exeter Crown Court Dugdale claimed to have been coerced and pleaded not guilty, and used the proceedings to publicly denounce her family and background.[17] Her father appeared as a witness for the prosecution and was cross-examined by Dugdale, who said to him: "I love you, but hate everything you stand for".[17] The couple were found guilty, prompting Dugdale to address the jury saying "In finding me guilty you have turned me from an intellectual recalcitrant into a freedom fighter. I know no finer title".[17] Heaton was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, and Dugdale received a two-year suspended sentence as the judge considering the risk of her committing any further criminal acts to be "extremely remote".[6]

IRA activity[edit]

In the months following the trial, Dugdale travelled to Ireland and joined an IRA active service unit operating along the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.[18] In January 1974, Dugdale and other IRA members, including Eddie Gallagher, hijacked a helicopter in County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland.[19][20] Dugdale and Gallagher used the helicopter to drop bombs in milk churns on the RUC station in Strabane in Northern Ireland, the first helicopter bombing raid in the history of the British Isles.[18][20] Dugdale in later life, when asked what the best day in her life had been, said that it was the day of the Strabane attack.[21] The bombs failed to explode, and Dugdale became wanted for questioning regarding the bombing with her picture in police stations across Britain and Ireland.[18] A warrant was also issued for her arrest by Manchester Magistrates Court on 23 February 1974 on charges of conspiring to smuggle arms.[22]

Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid, stolen in the 1974 raid

On 26 April 1974, Dugdale took part in a raid on Russborough House in County Wicklow, the home of Sir Alfred Beit, 2nd Baronet.[23][24] Dugdale and three other IRA members forced their way into the house, and pistol-whipped Sir Alfred and his wife before tying and gagging the couple.[25]

The IRA members then stole nineteen old master paintings valued at IR£8 million, including works by Gainsborough, Rubens, Vermeer and Goya.[24][25] The Vermeer taken was Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid, one of only two Vermeers in private ownership, the other being at Buckingham Palace.[24] The IRA members sent a ransom note offering to exchange the stolen paintings for IR£500,000 and the release of Dolours and Marian Price, two sisters convicted of IRA bombings who were on hunger strike in Brixton Prison attempting to secure repatriation to Ireland.[24][25] The Gardaí started a nationwide hunt for the paintings, and on 4 May they raided a house rented by Dugdale in Glandore, County Cork, and discovered all nineteen paintings in the boot of a car.[22][24] Dugdale was arrested under Section 30 of the Offences against the State Act, and the next day she was charged in relation to the helicopter attack and the art theft.[22]

As at her previous trial in 1973, Dugdale used the courtroom as a political platform, shouting "The British have an army of occupation in a small part of Ireland—but not for long!" during her arraignment in Dublin.[6][25] Dugdale's father issued a statement saying: "I don't want to appear hardhearted, but I've done everything I can for her. She knows perfectly well she could turn to me if she wanted to."[6] In Dugdale's submission to the court during her trial she denounced Britain as "a filthy enemy" and stated the Dublin government was guilty of "treacherous collaboration" with England.[25] On 25 June 1974, she was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment after pleading "proudly and incorruptibly guilty", and she gave a clenched fist salute to supporters in the public gallery.[22][25]

Imprisonment[edit]

Dugdale was pregnant with Eddie Gallagher's child when she was imprisoned, and on 12 December 1974, she gave birth to a son, Ruairí, in Limerick Prison.[26] On 3 October 1975, Gallagher and fellow IRA member Marion Coyle kidnapped industrialist Tiede Herrema near his home in Castletroy, a suburb of Limerick.[27] They were traced to a house in Monasterevin, County Kildare, and a two-week siege began.[27] Coyle and Gallagher had demanded the release of Dugdale and two other IRA members, but the authorities refused to grant any concessions.[28][29]

The siege ended on 7 November when Herrema was released, and Coyle and Gallagher were arrested.[29] Gallagher and Coyle were sentenced to twenty years' and fifteen years' imprisonment respectively, and in 1978, Gallagher and Dugdale received special dispensation to marry.[27][30] The wedding took place on 24 January 1978 inside Limerick Prison, and was the first wedding between convicted prisoners in the history of the Republic of Ireland.[30][31] Dugdale was released from prison in October 1980.[18]

Later life[edit]

After her release from prison, Dugdale was active in the campaign in support of protesting Irish republican prisoners during the 1981 Irish hunger strike.[32] She was a veteran activist in the political party Sinn Féin.[33][34]

After her release, Dugdale acted as an expert IRA bomb-maker. From the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, she and Jim Monaghan developed home-made bombs and weapons. One was called the "biscuit launcher",[35] which was used several times by the IRA: using readily available parts, it fired armour-piercing missiles packed with semtex explosive, using packets of digestive biscuits to absorb the recoil. Dugdale and Monaghan also developed a new explosive used successfully to attack the fortified British Army Glenanne barracks in May 1991, and in a large bomb that destroyed the Baltic Exchange in the City of London in 1992.[21]

In 2007, she spoke out in support of the Shell to Sea campaign against the proposed construction of a high-pressure raw gas pipeline through Rossport by Shell, saying the Shell contract was invalid and needed "to be renegotiated on behalf of the people of Ireland".[33] She was also a director at Dublin Community Television.[12]

In 2011, she was the honouree at the annual Dublin Volunteers event, which each year acknowledges a person for their contribution to Irish republicanism. In an interview with the republican newspaper An Phoblacht before the event, Dugdale said she believed "the revolutionary army that was the IRA had achieved its principal objective, which was to get your enemy to negotiate with you. They did that with amazing skill and ability, and I can't help but respect what was done in terms of the Good Friday Agreement." On her involvement in the IRA, she added: "I did what I wanted to do. I am proud to have been part of the Republican Movement, and I hope that I have played my very small part in the success of the armed struggle."[36]

Until her death, Dugdale lived in a care home in Dublin run by the Poor Servants of the Mother of God, most of whose residents are retired nuns.[21] She died there on 18 March 2024, at the age of 82.[37]

In popular culture[edit]

In 2012, she was the subject of a TG4 documentary entitled Mná an IRA (Women of the IRA).[38]

A biography of Dugdale by Sean O'Driscoll, Heiress, Rebel, Vigilante, Bomber: The Extraordinary Life of Rose Dugdale, was published in 2022.[39] A film, Baltimore, was released in 2024, mainly about Dugdale's role in the 1974 art raid on Russborough House, starring Imogen Poots as Dugdale.[21][40]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

  • Bell, J. Bowyer (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. pp. 407. ISBN 1-56000-901-2.
  • MacCarthy, Fiona (2007). Last Curtsey: The End of the Debutantes. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22860-7.
  • O'Driscoll, Sean (2022). Heiress, Rebel, Vigilante, Bomber. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-844-88556-5.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ "Rose Dugdale: The English heiress who joined the IRA". BBC News. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  2. ^ Jackson, Richard; Jarvis, Lee; Gunning, Jeroen; Breen-Smyth, Marie (2011). Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-230-36432-5.
  3. ^ O'Hagan, Sean (10 March 2024). "The enigma of Rose Dugdale: what drove a former debutante to become Britain and Ireland's most wanted terrorist?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  4. ^ O'Driscoll 2022, p. 7.
  5. ^ "Rose Dugdale, English debutante who became an IRA terrorist and bomb-maker – obituary". The Telegraph. 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Renegade Debutante". TIME. 20 May 1974. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  7. ^ MacCarthy 2007 pp.253–254
  8. ^ "Doctor in dock: father a witness". The Guardian. 6 October 1973. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d MacCarthy 2007, p. 254.
  10. ^ MacCarthy 2007, pp. 248–249.
  11. ^ Ironside, Virginia (9 January 1995). "A funny little girl in socks and sandals". The Independent. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Hoggard, Liz (24 September 2006). "High Society: Whatever happened to the last of the debs?". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i MacCarthy 2007, p. 255.
  14. ^ Chamier Grove, Jenny (8 February 2000). "Sarah Caudwell". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  15. ^ Laskey, Melvin (1988). On the Barricades and Off. Transaction Publishers. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-88738-726-5.
  16. ^ a b MacCarthy 2007, pp. 255–256.
  17. ^ a b c MacCarthy 2007, p. 256.
  18. ^ a b c d McLeave, Hugh (1981). Rogues in the gallery: The modern plague of art thefts. D. R. Godine. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-87923-378-5. With these "wild boys" she planned and executed the first-ever helicopter bombing raid in the British Isles, with four improvised milk-churn bombs
  19. ^ Page, Jeremy (30 April 2007). "Rebel bombers' World Cup air raid". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  20. ^ a b Cusack, Jim (30 October 2005). "Herrema kidnapping threatened economy". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2007. Eddie Gallagher was arrested with Rose Dugdale in 1974 after they had hijacked a helicopter and tried to drop milk churns containing explosive on the RUC station in Strabane
  21. ^ a b c d O'Hagan, Sean (10 March 2024). "The enigma of Rose Dugdale: what drove a former debutante to become Britain and Ireland's most wanted terrorist?". The Observer. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d Bell 1997, p.407
  23. ^ "No regrets for renegade IRA art robber Rose Dugdale". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  24. ^ a b c d e McQuillan, Deirdre (20 November 1995). "Adventures of a mobile masterpiece". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d e f MacCarthy 2007, p. 257.
  26. ^ Bell 1997, p. 417.
  27. ^ a b c Woulfe, Jimmy (19 October 2005). "Herrema recalls 1975 kidnap drama". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  28. ^ "The Hostage Dilemma". TIME. 20 October 1975. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  29. ^ a b "1975: IRA kidnappers release industrialist". BBC. 7 November 1975. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  30. ^ a b MacCarthy 2007, p. 258.
  31. ^ "Selected Irish historical events by month". Tralee Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  32. ^ Beresford, David (1987). Ten Men Dead. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-87113-702-X.
  33. ^ a b Smyth, Robbie (8 March 2007). "Sinn Féin Ard Fheis 2007 : the All Ireland Agenda". An Phoblacht. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  34. ^ Reid, Lorna (29 January 2007). "Not quite everyone sang from the same hymn sheet". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  35. ^ "The IRA's recoilless improvised grenade launcher". The Firearm Blog. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024. Detailed technical article on the "biscuit launcher".
  36. ^ "DUBLIN VOLUNTEERS DINNER DANCE 2011 HONOUREE – ROSE DUGDALE – An Phoblacht". www.anphoblacht.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  37. ^ "English heiress turned IRA member Rose Dugdale dies". RTÉ.ie. 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  38. ^ Daly, Susan (5 January 2012). "English heiress turned IRA bomber Rose Dugdale gives rare interview". Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  39. ^ O'Driscoll 2022
  40. ^ Ide, Wendy (24 March 2024). "Baltimore review – Imogen Poots excels as British aristocrat turned IRA volunteer Rose Dugdale". The Observer. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

Further reading[edit]

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