Rhinella

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Rhinella
Cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rhinella
Fitzinger, 1826
Type species
Rhinella proboscidea
Spix, 1824
Species

95 species; see table

Synonyms
  • Chaunus Wagler, 1828
  • Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.

Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]

Etymology[edit]

  • Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[2]
  • Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).[3][4]
  • Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)[5] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).[2]

Species[edit]

There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella:[6]

Image Binomial name and author Common name Distribution
Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) Cordoba toad northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces)
Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) Cerro Mali beaked toad Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama
Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela
Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador
Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) Loja Province, Ecuador
Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) Cochabamba toad Bolivia (Cochabamba Department)
Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) Mendoza Pass toad Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region)
Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) Common toad; Argentine toad Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes
Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) Rio Chili toad Peru
Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) Arunco; Concepcion toad Chile
Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) Vallenar toad; Atacama toad Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region)
Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) Paraguay
Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) Rivero's Toad Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad
Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010 Argentina
Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014 Brazil (Ceará)
Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991) Para toad Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru
Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009 Panama (Chiriquí)
Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) Horned toad Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil
Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007 Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes)
Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) Rio Viejo toad Honduras
Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021) Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province)
Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) Striped toad eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro
Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) Bom Jardim toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) Cope's toad; cururu toad Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil
Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Dorbigny's toad northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil
Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020[7] Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios)
Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) Bella Vista toad Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) Valle Santiago beaked toad Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) Carabaya toad Bolivia and Peru
Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) Gallardo's toad Argentina
Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 Brazil
Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) Rio Grande toad Argentina
Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) Common lesser toad Brazil
Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) Brazil
Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) Brazil
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) Cane toad north-western South America
Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965) Rivero's toad Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) Yellow Cururu toad northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay
Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) Inca toad Peru
Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012 Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil
Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) Rio Perene toad Peru
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) Cururu toad Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo)
Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) El Chape toad Bolivia
Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) Peru
Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 French Guiana, Suriname
Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017 Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad Peru
Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) Peru Coast toad Peru
Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) Murri beaked toad Colombia
Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019[8] Argentina
Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) Santa Rita beaked toad Colombia
Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007 Brazil
Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936) Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil
Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007 Peru
Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) South American common toad Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) Cane toad South and mainland Central America
Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 Suriname
Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil
Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005) Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967) Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana
Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) Laguna toad Peru
Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) Colombian beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) Ocellated toad Brazil
Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824 Brazil
Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014 Colombia (Chocó)
Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010 Paraguay
Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) Gray toad Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) Beaked toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) Rio Parahyba toad Brazil
Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) Incachaca toad Bolivia
Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941) northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil
Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) Mesopotamia beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) Brazil
Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848) Rusty toad Chile and Argentina
Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) Salta toad Bolivia
Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) Venezuela
Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 Brazil
Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) Warty toad; Huanuco toad Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru
Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz)
Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858) Falcon toad Colombia and Venezuela
Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) Bolivia (La Paz)
Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) Antioquia Beaked Toad Colombia
Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) Trueb's Beaked Toad Colombia
Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) Alto Maranon toad Peru
Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) Veragua toad Bolivia and southeastern Peru
Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) Brazil(Piauí and Bahia)
Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007 Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014) Peru (Yungas)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  2. ^ a b Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
  3. ^ d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
  4. ^ χαῦνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  5. ^ "rhamphoid". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  6. ^ "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  7. ^ Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina Pimentel; Ron, Santiago; Santos, Sueny Paloma dos; Hanken, James (2020-12-28). "New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia". Copeia. 108 (4): 967–986. doi:10.1643/CH2020043. ISSN 0045-8511.
  8. ^ Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 133110392.

References[edit]

  • Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.

External links[edit]

  • Data related to Rhinella at Wikispecies