Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

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The Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae forms one of six classes of animals in Carl Linnaeus's tenth reformed edition written in Latin.[1] The following explanations are based on William Turton's translations who rearranged and corrected earlier editions published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, Johan Christian Fabricius and Carl Ludwig Willdenow:[2]

Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean.

Linnaeus divided the mammals based on the number, situation, and structure of their teeth; mammals have the following characteristics:

  • Heart: two auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood;
  • Lungs: respires alternately;
  • Jaw: incombent, covered. Teeth usually within jaw;
  • Teats: lactiferous;
  • Organs of sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears, and papillae of the skin;
  • Covering: hair, which is scanty in warm climates, hardly any on aquatics;
  • Supports: four feet, except in aquatics; and in most a tail. Walks on the Earth and speaks.[2]

Oldfield Thomas scrutinized Linnaeus's chapter on mammals in 1911 and attempted to find missing type species and type localities.[3]

Primates[edit]

Primates have four cutting upper parallel fore-teeth, except in some bat species which have two or none; solitary tusks in each jaw, one on each side; two pectoral teats; two feet and hands; flattened, oval nails; and they eat fruits.[2]

Homo
  • Homo sapiens
    • Homo americanus
    • Homo europaeus
    • Homo asiaticus
    • Homo afer
    • Homo monstrosus
  • Homo troglodytes – partly based on myth, partly on orangutans[4]
A Barbary macaque on the Rock of Gibraltar
A captive Diana monkey
Simia[5]
A ring-tailed lemur
Lemur[Note 1]
Vespertilio

Bruta[edit]

Bruta do not have fore-teeth, but tusks, feet with strong hoof-like nails; move slowly and eat mostly masticated vegetables.[2]

Elephas
Trichechus
Bradypus
Myrmecophaga
Manis

Ferae[edit]

Ferae usually have six conic fore-teeth in each jaw, longer tusks, grinders with conic projections, feet with subulate claws, and feed on carcasses and prey on other animals.[2]

Phoca
Canis
Felis
An eastern spotted skunk
Viverra
Mustela (weasels, otters, and martens)
Ursus

Bestiae[edit]

A wild boar

Bestiae have indefinite numbers of fore-teeth on the sides, always one extra canine, an elongate nose used to dig out juicy roots and vermin.[2]

Sus (pigs)
Brazilian three-banded armadillo in Edmonton Zoo
Dasypus
Erinaceus
Talpa
Sorex
Didelphis

Glires[edit]

An Indian rhinoceros

Glires have two cutting fore-teeth in each jaw, but no tusks, feet with claws formed for running and bounding, and eat bark, roots, and vegetables, which they gnaw.[2]

Rhinoceros
Hystrix
Lepus
Castor
A southern flying squirrel
Mus
A Siberian flying squirrel
Sciurus

Pecora[edit]

Pecora do not have upper, not many lower cutting fore-teeth, hoofed, cloven feet, and feed on herbs which they pluck, chewing the cud; four stomachs, a paunch for macerating and ruminating food, a bonnet for reticulating and receiving it, an omasus or maniplies of numerous folds for digesting it, and an abomasus or caille, fasciate, for giving it acescency and preventing putrefaction.[2]

Camelus
Moschus
Cervus
Capra
Ovis
Bos

Bellua[edit]

A hippopotamus

Bellua have obtuse fore-teeth, hoofed feet, move heavily, and feed on vegetables.[2]

Equus
Hippopotamus

Cete[edit]

Cete have some cartilaginous, some bony teeth, no nostrils but a fistulous opening in the anterior and upper part of the head, pectoral fins instead of feet, horizontal, flattened tails, no claws, live in the ocean, and feed on mollusca and fish.[2]

Monodon
Balaena
Physeter
  • Physeter catodon – either Beluga or sperm whale[3]
  • Physeter macrocephalus sperm whale[10]
  • Physeter miscrops
  • Physeter tursio – possibly a mystical animal[3]
Delphinus

References[edit]

  1. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Classis I. Mammalia". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 14−77.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Turton, W. (1806). "Class I. Mammalia". A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. Translated from Gmelin. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co. pp. 5−130.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Thomas, O. (1911). "The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the Genera and the exact Bases and Localities of the Species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1911 (Part I): 120–158.
  4. ^ Wood, B. & Collard, M. (1999). "The changing face of genus Homo". Evolutionary Anthropology. 8 (6): 195–207. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:6<195::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-2.
  5. ^ a b "Carolius Linnaeus and his names for Primates". Darwiniana. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
  7. ^ Butfiloski, J. & Swaygnham, T. "Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius" (PDF). South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  8. ^ Ord, G.; Rhoads, S. N. (1894). "Fair squirrel Sciurus flavus". A reprint of the North American zoology by George Ord. Haddonsfield, New Jersey: Samuel N. Rhoads. p. 20.
  9. ^ Perrin, W. (2009). Perrin, W. F. (ed.). "Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)". World Cetacea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  10. ^ W. Perrin (2009). W. F. Perrin (ed.). "Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758". World Cetacea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 9, 2010.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ The current names of all Linnaeus' Lemur species are taken from Darwiniana.[5]