List of organisms with names derived from Indigenous languages of the Americas

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This list includes organisms whose common or scientific names are drawn from indigenous languages of the Americas. When the common name of the organism in English derives from an indigenous language of the Americas, it is given first.

In biological nomenclature, organisms receive scientific names, which are formally in Latin, but may be drawn from any language and many have incorporated words from indigenous language of the Americas. These scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa.

List[edit]

Taxon Type Source language Notes Taxon image Ref
Abalone (Haliotis) sea snail Rumsen From aūlun ("Red abalone"), via Spanish [1][2]
Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) palm tree Nheengatu From asai, ultimately from Tupian ĩwasa'i ("[fruit that] cries / expels water"), via Portuguese [3][4]
Achiote (Bixa orellana) malval Nahuatl From āchiotl ("shrub") [5]
Acouchi (Myoprocta) rodent Guarani or Tupi Probably from agutí, agoutí, or acutí, names for the animal, via French. In Brazilian Portuguese acutí is pronounced acuchí. [citation needed]
Agouti (Dasyprocta) rodent Guarani or Tupi From agutí, agoutí, or acutí, names for the animal. [6]
Ahytherium † ground sloth Tupi From Ahy ("sloth") and Greek therion ("beast") [7]
Aivukus † walrus Yup'ik From Aivuk ("walrus") [8]
Akodon toba rodent Toba-Qom Named after the Toba people, who live in the region where the animal is found [9]
Akodon tucamanensis rodent Quechua Named for the Tucumán Province, perhaps from yucumán ("origin of many rivers") or tucma ("the end of things"). [10][11]
Allkaruen koi † pterosaur Tehuelche From All ("brain") and karuen ("ancient"). The name was chosen because the holotype consists of a fossilised braincase. The specific name, koi means "lake", since the type locality would have been a saline lake. [12]
Alpaca (Lama pacos) camelid Aymara From allpaca, the Aymara name for the animal, related to Quechua p'ake ("yellowish-red"). [13]
Alnashetri † alvarezsaurid Tehuelche (Günün‑a‑kunna dialect) The genus name means "slender thighs" because of its long and slender hind limbs [14]
Ananas comosus (pineapple) bromeliad Tupi The generic name derives from nanas, the Tupi name of the fruit. [15]
Andalgalomys (Chaco mouse) rodent Quechua Named after the Andalgalá river, ultimately from Quechua "Lord of the Hare" or "Lord of the High Mountain", and Greek mys ("mouse"). [10]
Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) New World vulture Quechua The common name derives from kuntur, via Spanish. [16][17]
Andinomys edax (Andean mouse) rodent Quechua From the Andes Mountains, probably from Quechua anti ("east"), and Greek mys ("mouse") [10][18]
Ankonetta † duck Tehuelche (Aónikenk dialect) Anko means "father," referring to Claudio Larriestra, a palaeontologist who worked in Patagonia, where the holotype was found. -netta is derived from Greek "duck". [19]
Aoniraptor † megaraptoran Tehuelche Aoni means south, Latin word raptor is Latin for "thief". [20]
Ara macaw Tupi From ará ("macaw"), an onomatopoeia based on the sound of their call. [21]
Arackar licanantay † titanosaur Kunza † Arackar means "skeleton" and licanatay is another name for the Atacama people, the indigenous inhabitants of the region where the holotype was found, who previously spoke Kunza [22]
Aratasaurus museunacionali † basal coelurosaur Tupi The genus name means "lizard born from fire" from Tupi ara "born" and atá "fire," and Greek saurus "lizard". The name refers to the National Museum of Brazil fire, which the holotype survived unscathed. The species name also is the Portuguese name of the museum. [23]
Aratinga parakeet Tupi Ará tinga means "bright bird" or "bright parrot". [24]
Araucariaceae and Araucaria conifer Mapudungun via Spanish Named for the Spanish exonym Araucano ("from Arauco"), ultimately from Mapudungun rag ko ("clayey water"). [25][26]
Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) umbellifer Quechua The common and generic names derive from raqacha, via Spanish [27]
Assapan, southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) squirrel Eastern Algonquian, probably Powhatan "Assapan", the common name in the Southern United States is first attested as assapanick and was probably borrowed from Powhatan, but this is disputed. [28][29][30]
Athabascasaurus † ichthyosaur Woods Cree From the Athabasca oil sands area where the holotype was collected, themselves named after the Athabasca River, ultimately from Woods Cree aðapaskāw, which means "[where] there are plants one after another", as well as Greek sauros ("lizard"). [31][32]
Attalea cohune (cohune palm) palm Miskito The common and specific names derive from ókhún, via Spanish. [33]
Avocado (Persea americana) laurel Nahuatl From āhuacatl via Spanish. The word is often said to derive from the Nahuatl word for testicle, but this meaning was secondary and euphemistic. [34][35][36][37]
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) salamander Nahuatl From āxōlōtl, after the god Xolotl ("two stalks"), who transformed into the animal. The specific name derives from Mexico, ultimately from Mēxihco (with many possible etymologies) [38][39]
Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) liana Quechua From ayawaska, from aya ("spirit, ancestor") + waska ("vine"), via Spanish, so named because it is used to make a psychoactive drink. [40]
Aymaratherium † ground sloth Aymara From Aymara, an indigenous group in the Andes, and therion, which is Greek for "beast". [41]
Bixa orellana (achiote) malvale Taíno and Nahuatl The generic name derives from Taíno bixa. The common name is from Nahuatl āchiotl, the name of the plant. [5][42]
Black sapote (Diospyros nigra) persimmon Nahuatl The common name derives from tzapotl ("sapote fruit") [citation needed]
Cabassous armadillo Carib From capacou ("armadillo") via French. [43]
Cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) mallow Various Mesoamerican languages Via Spanish, from kakaw in Tzeltal, Kʼicheʼ and Classic Maya; kagaw in Sayula Popoluca; and cacahuatl in Nahuatl [44]
Cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti) procyonid Nahuatl From tlahcomiztli, meaning "half cat" or "half mountain lion" [45]
California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) New World vulture Quechua The common name derives from kuntur, via Spanish. [16][17]
Camas (Camassia) asparagid Nez Perce From qém̓es ("sweet")
Canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) amaranth Quechua From qañiwa / qañawa / qañawi [27][46]
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) deer Mi'kmaq From qalipu ("snow shoveler"), referring to its habit of pawing through the snow for food, via French. Known as reindeer outside North America. [47]
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) cashew Tupi From acajú ("nut that produces itself"), via Portuguese [48][49]
Cassava, manioc, yuca (Manihot esculenta) asparagid Taíno, Tupi, and Guarani "Cassava" derives from kasabi ("cassava flour"), via Portuguese. "Yuca" was the actual Taíno name for the plant, but Linnaeus mistakenly used the name for the unrelated Yucca plant. Man(d)ioca (manioc) and mandi'o (manihot) are respectively the Tupí and Guaraní names of the plant, both from oca (house) of the mythical figure Man(d)í. [50]
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum var.) pepper Tupi From kyynha ("pepper"). The town Cayenne is probably named after the plant, not the other way around. [51][52]
Caypullisaurus † ichthyosaur Mapudungun From Caypulli ("spirit of Cay") god of the sea in the Mapuche mythology, and saurus ("lizard"). [53]
Celtis iguanaea hackberry Taíno From iguana, ultimately from Taino iwana [54]
Celtis tala hackberry Aymara/Quechua From tara, the Aymara and Quechua name for various hackberries. [55]
Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) peccary Quechua Named after the Gran Chaco plains, ultimately from chaku ("hunting land"). [56]
Chaguar (Bromelia serra, Bromelia hieronymi, Deinacanthon urbanianum and Pseudananas sagenarius) bromeliad Quechua From cháhuar [57]
Chamitataxus † badger Tewa Named for the Chamita Formation, where the holotype was found, a Spanish diminutive form of tsąmą' ǫŋwįkeyi, meaning "wrestling pueblo-ruin," and Latin taxus ("badger") [58][59]
Chayote (Sechium edule) gourd Nahuatl From chayohtli [60]
Cherimoya (Annona cherimola) magnolial Quechua Common and specific names from chirimuya ("cold seeds"), named for the cold environment in which the seeds germinate. [61]
Chia (Salvia hispanica and Salvia columbariae) mint Nahuatl From chian ("oily") [62]
Chigger / harvest mite (Trombiculidae) mite Carib The American common name "chigger" shares its origin with the jigger (a type of flea), deriving from chigoe, ultimately from Galibi Carib siko / chico or, alternatively, from Wolof or Yoruba jiga ("insect") [citation needed]
Chili pepper (capsicum various species) pepper Nahuatl From chīlli ("pepper") [citation needed]
Chinchilla rodent Quechua From Quechua chincha ("ocelot"), their exonym for the Chincha people, who once wore its fur. [63]
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon Chinook Jargon Named after the Chinookan peoples
Chipmunk (Tamias, Eutamias, Neotamias) squirrel Ottawa From jidmoonh ("red squirrel", literally "those who descend headfirst"). [64][65]
Choco toucan (Ramphastos brevis)
Chubutherium † ground sloth Tehuelche Named for the Chubut River, ultimately from Tehuelche chupat ("transparent"), and Greek therium, meaning "beast". [citation needed]
Chubutisaurus † titanosaur Tehuelche Named for the Chubut River, ultimately from Tehuelche chupat ("transparent"), and Greek saurus, meaning lizard. [citation needed]
Chubutophis † boa snake Tehuelche Named for the Chubut River, ultimately from Tehuelche chupat ("transparent"), and Greek ophis, meaning snake. [citation needed]
Chuckwalla (Sauromalus) iguanid Shoshone or Cahuilla The common name derives from Shoshone tcaxxwal or Cahuilla čaxwal, via Spanish [66]
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon Lower Chinook The common name derives from tzum ("spotted") via Chinook Jargon. [citation needed]
Cisco (Coregonus artedi and several other species) salmon Ojibwe From siscowet ("cooks itself"), via French. [citation needed]
Coati (nasua and nasuella) procyonid Tupi From kua'ti, itself composed of cua ("belt") and tim̃ ("nose"), via Portuguese and Spanish. [67]
Coca (Erythroxylum) erythroxylacean Quechua From kúka, via Spanish [68]
Coendou (prehensile-tailed porcupines) New World porcupine "a Brazilian native name for the porcupine" [69]
Cohosh (Actaea and Caulophyllum) Ranunculal Penobscot From kkwὰhas ("rough"), originally referring to Caulophyllum thalictroides [citation needed]
Comahuesaurus † diplodocid Mapudungun Named for the Comahue reion, whose name means 'place of abundance', or perhaps 'where the water hurt', and Greek saurus, meaning lizard. [citation needed]
Comahuesuchus † notosuchian crocodylomorph Mapudungun Named for the Comahue reion, whose name means 'place of abundance', or perhaps 'where the water hurt', and suchus, the Greek name of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek. [citation needed]
Comahuetherium † astrapothere Mapudungun Named for the Comahue reion, whose name means 'place of abundance', or perhaps 'where the water hurt', and Greek therium, meaning "beast". [citation needed]
Conepatus chinga (Hog-nosed skunk) skunk Nahuatl and Mapudungun The genus name is most likely from conepatl, the Nahuatl name of the animal, ultimately meaning "burrower". The species name is possibly from Mapudungun chingue ("skunk") or Spanish chinga ("pug-nosed") [70]
Coontie palm (Zamia integrifolia) cycad Muscogee / Creek From conti hateka ("white root"). [71]
Cougar (puma concolor) big cat Quechua and Tupi The common name is from jaguara ("large predator"), also the root of "jaguar", via French and Portuguese. The generic name is from puma, the Quechua name of the animal [72][73]
Coyote (Canis latrans) dog Nahuatl From coyōtl, via Spanish [74][75]
Cozumel raccoon (procyon pygmaeus) procyonid Yucatec Maya From Cozumel island, ultimately from Kùutsmil ("island of swallows"). [76]
Ctenomys maulinus (Maule tuco-tuco) tuco-tuco Mapudungun From Laguna del Maule, ultimately from maule ("rainy") [77]
Ctenomys talarum (Talas tuco-tuco) tuco-tuco Quechua From Las Talas, ultimately from the name of the tala tree [77]
Ctenomys tucumanus (Tucuman tuco-tuco) tuco-tuco Quechua Named for the Tucumán Province, perhaps from yucumán ("origin of many rivers") or tucma ("the end of things"). [77][11]
Cullinia † litoptern Mapudungun From cullin, meaning "animal".[78] [78]
Dicotyles tajacu (Collared peccary) pig Tupi From tai wasu ("big tooth") [79]
Diospyros texana persimmon Caddo The specific name derives from Texas, ultimately from táyshaʼ ("friend"). The common name "chapote" derives from tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Dowitcher (Limnodromus) waders Iroquoian The exact root is unknown, but it was probably something like Oneida tawístawe ("snipe") [80]
Eastern wahoo (Euonymus atropurpureus) stiff-vine Dakota From wā ("arrow") and hu ("wood") [81]
Elaltitan † titanosaur Tehuelche From El-lal, a Tehuelche god, and Greek titan, a mythological race of giants. [82]
Elemgasem † abelisaurid Tehuelche From Elemgasem, the name of a Tehuelche god. [83]
Equus alaskae † horse Aleut From Latin equus ("horse") and alaskae "of Alaska," ultimately from Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". [84]
Equisetum similkamense † horsetail Nicola From the Similkameen River, itself from Similkameigh, believed to mean "Salmon river." [85][86]
Eriocampa tulameenensis † sawfly Nlaka'pamuctsin From the Tulameen River near where the holotype was collected, which itself means "red earth". [87][88]
Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) smelt Lower Chinook From uλalxʷen, the name of the fish, via Chinook Jargon. The word may also be the origin of the name Oregon. [89]
Euneomys chincilloides (Patagonian chinchilla mouse) rodent Quechua From chinchilla, ultimately from Quechua chincha ("ocelot"). [63]
Futalognkosaurus † titanosaur Mapudungun From futa ("giant") and lognko ("chief"), as well as Greek saurus ("lizard"). [90]
Galictis cuja (Lesser grison) weasel Mapudungun From cuja, the Mapudungun name of the animal. [91]
Gnatusuchus pebasensis † caiman Quechua, Peba From Quechua Ñatu, meaning "small nose," and suchus, the Greek name of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek. The species name is from the Pebas Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself derives from the now-extinct Peba language [92]
Goeppertia allouia (Guinea arrowroot) arrowroot Kalinago The specific name derives from the Kalinago name of the plant. [93]
Green sapote (Pouteria viridis) sapotacean Nahuatl The common name derives from tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Gualicho shinyae † allosaurid Mapudungun Named after the gualichu, a Mapuche monster [94]
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) camelid Quechua From the Quechua name of the animal, wanaku. [95]
Guarana (Paullinia cupana) soapberry Guaraní From warana ("eyes of the gods"), the name of the plant among the Sateré-Maué, referring to an origin myth, via Portuguese [96][97]
Guaruba guarouba (golden parakeet) parakeet Tupi Both generic and specific names come from Guiarubas, meaning "yellow bird" [98]
Guava (Psidium guajava) myrtle Taíno Common and specific names derive from guayabo via Spanish [99][100]
Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis † saurischian Cacán From the Ischigualasto Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself means "place where the moon alights". [101]
Hickory (Carya) walnut family Algonquian language (perhaps Powhatan) From pockerchicory, pocohicora, or similar, perhaps a name for the tree's nuts or a drink made from them. [102]
Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) bird Nahuatl The common and specific names derive from huāctzin, the name for the unrelated laughing falcon. It is unclear how the name came to be attached to this bird, which is not found within the area where Nahuatl is spoken. [103]
Holochilus chacarius (Chacoan marsh rat) rodent Quechua Named after the Gran Chaco plains, ultimately from chaku ("hunting land").
Husky (breeds of Canis familiaris) dog Innu-aimun From ayas̆kimew ("a person who laces a snowshoe"), the Innu exonym for the Mi'kmaq, which is also the root of Eskimo, since these dogs were used by the Mi'kmaq and other Arctic peoples [104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
Ibirania † titanosaur Tupi From Ibirá, the municipality where the specimens were discovered, and ybyrá, meaning "tree", and ania, a modified form of Greek plania ("wanderer") [112]
Ilokelesia † abelisaurid Mapudungun From ilo meaning "flesh" and kelesio, "lizard" [113]
Inkayacu paracasensis † penguin Quechua From inka ("emperor" or "king") and yacu ("water") [citation needed]
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) bindweed Taíno The common and specific names come from batata ("sweet potato") via Spanish. [114][115]
Ipomoea batatoides bindweed Taíno The specific name comes from batata ("sweet potato") and the Greek ending -oides ("looks like") [114][115]
Ischigualastia † dicynodont Cacán From the Ischigualasto Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself means "place where the moon alights". [101]
Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) myrtle Tupi From jaboti/jabuti ("Red-footed tortoise") and caba ("place"), meaning "the place where tortoises are found" or "like turtle fat," referring to the fruit's white pulp. [116][117][118]
Jacamar near-passerine birds Tupi From jacamarciri, the Tupi name for the Great Jacamar. [119]
Jaguar (panthera onca) big cat Tupi From jaguara ("large predator"), also the root of cougar [72]
Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) big cat Old Guarani From yaguarundi ("large predator"), related to the Tupi jaguara, which is the root of cougar and jaguar [120][121]
Jakapil kaniukura † thyreophoran Puelchean and Mapudungun Ja-Kapïl, is Puelchean for "shield bearer," the literal meaning of the clade name thyreophora. Kaniukura is Mapudungun for "crest stone", in reference to its deep jaw. [122]
Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum var.) pepper Nahuatl Jalapeño is Spanish for "from Xalapa", the capital city of Veracruz, Mexico, where the pepper was traditionally cultivated. The name Xalapa is Nahuatl, from xālli ("sand") and āpan ("water place"). [123]
Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus) pea Nahuatl From xīcamatl via Spanish [124]
Jigger (Tunga penetrans) flea Carib From chigoe, ultimately from Galibi Carib siko / chico. Alternatively, from Wolof or Yoruba jiga ("insect") [citation needed]
Juchuysillu † notoungulate [125]
Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum) nightshade Tupi From yuruíbeba
Kaikaifilu † mosasaur Mapudungun From Kai-Kai filú, a reptilean ocean deity of the Mapuche [126]
Kaikaifilusaurus † rhynchocephalia Mapudungun From Kai-Kai filú, a reptilean ocean deity of the Mapuche and Greek saurus ("lizard"). [126]
Katepensaurus goicoecheai † rebbachisaurid Tehuelche From katepenk, "hole", referring to a distinctive opening in the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebrae, and Greek saurus ("lizard"). [127]
Kawas benegasorum † seal Tehuelche From kawas ("mermaid" or "southern elephant seal") [128]
Kelenken † terror bird Tehuelche From the name of a spirit, which is depicted as a giant bird. [129]
Kelenkura † glyptodont Mapudungun From këlen ("tail") and kura ("rock"), due to the shape of its tail. [130]
Kelep (Ectatomma tuberculatum) ant Qʼeqchiʼ [citation needed]
Kelumapusaura machi † hadrosaur Mapudungun From kelumapu ("red earth") and Greek saura ("female lizard"). The specific name, "machi," is a Mapudungun word for "shaman." [131]
Kinkajou (Potos flavus) procyonid Algonquian From kwi·nkwaʔa·ke ("wolverine"), via French. [132][133]
Kuntinaru † armadillo Aymara From Kuntinaru ("ghost"), which "refers to the ghost-like isolated occurrence of this taxon and the subsequent 12 Myr absence of the tolypeutines in the fossil record" [134]
Kurupi itaata † abelisaurid Guaraní and Tupi The genus name derives from Kurupi, a Guaraní god of fertility and sex, because the fossils were found near a love hotel. The specific name is from ita ("hard") and atã ("rock") after the cemented rocks of the Monte Alto region. [135]
Kyhytysuka sachicarum † ichthyosaur Chibcha The genus name derives from the verb kyhyty and the particle suka, tiogether meaning "the one that cuts with something sharp" because of its unique teeth. The species name derives from the town of Sáchica, near where the holotype was found. [136]
Lakukullus † ground sloth Aymara From Laku'kullu ("wild animal of heights") [137]
Leinkupal † diplodocid Mapudungun From lein ("vanishing") and kupal ("family"), because the genus is the latest known diplodocid [138]
Leufuichthys † clupeiomorph fish Mapudungun From Leufú ("river"), and Greek icthys ("fish"). [139]
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) bean Quechua From Lima, Peru, itself from Limaq ("talker" or "speaker", after an oracle located there before the Spanish conquest) [140][141]
Lioptilodes yungas moth Aymara / Quechua From Bolivian Yungas forest, where it was found, ultimately from Aymara and Quechua yunka ("warm region of the Andes") [142][143][144]
Llallawavis † terror bird Quechua From Llallawa ("magnificent") and Latin avis ("bird") [145]
Llama (Lama glama) camelid Quechua The common name, genus name, and specific name all derive from the Quechua name for the animal, llama [146]
Llukalkan † abelisaurid Mapudungun llukalkan means "one who scares" or "one who causes fear" [147]
Llullataruca † litoptern Quechua From llulla ("false", "lie" or "deceitful") and taruca ("deer") [148]
Lúcuma Pouteria lucuma sapotacean Quechua From rukma / luqma [citation needed]
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) brassical Quechua From maqa [citation needed]
macaws (Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca) New World parrots Tupi Probably from macavuana, the name of a palm tree which the scarlet macaw fed on, via Portuguese macao. [149]
Mahuidacursor lipanglef † ornithopod dinosaur Mapudungun From mahuida ("mountain") and Latin cursor ("runner"), because there are many mountains surrounding the area where the holotype was found. The specific name is from lipang ("arm") and lef ("light"), because of its slender forearms. [150]
Maip † megaraptor Tehuelche From Maip, the name of a mythological spirit that is "the shadow of death" that "kills with cold wind." .[151]
Maize (Zea mays) cereal Taíno Specific and common name from mahiz [152][153]
Mammee (Mammea americana) calophyllacean Taíno The generic name and common name are both from mamey, the name of the plant [citation needed]
Mamey sapote Pouteria sapota sapotacean Taíno and Nahuatl The generic name and common name are both from Taino mamey, the name of Mammea americana, which produces similar fruit. The specific and common names both derive from Nahuatl tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Manatee (Trichechus) sea cows Taíno? Possibly from manati ("breast"). Alternatively, it may derive from Latin manus ("hand") [154]
Manilkara chicle sapotacean Nahuatl or Mayan From tzictli or tsicte ("gum," "sticky stuff") [155]
Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla) sapotacean Nahuatl The specific and common names both derive from tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Mapusaurus † carcharodontosaurid Mapuche From mapu ("earth" or "of the land") and Greek sauros ("lizard") [156]
Margay (leopardus wiedii) cat Guaraní language From mbarakaya ("cat"), via Portuguese
Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) nasturtium Quechua From maswa or mashwa, the Quechua name for the plant [157]
Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) rattlesnake Ojibwe From misi-ziibi ("great river", the Mississippi River) [158]
Mazama (brocket deer) deer Nahuatl From mazame, the plural of mazatl "deer". [159]
Mazama bororo (small red brocket) deer Bororo Named after the Bororo people
Mazama chunyi (dwarf brocket) [citation needed]
Mazama gouazoubira gray brocket deer Guarani The specific name comes from guazú-birá ("small deer"), the name of the animal among the Guarani of Paraguay. [79]
Mazama temama (Central American red brocket) [citation needed]
Menhaden (Brevoortia and Ethmidium) forage fish Algonquian A blend of poghaden probably from Abenaki or Penobscot, and an Algonquian word akin to Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, derived from munnohquohteau ("he fertilizes"), referring to their use of the fish as fertilizer. [160]
Mesquite (Prosopis) mimosoid Nahuatl From mizquitl, via Spanish [161][162][163][164]
Moose (Alces alces) deer Algonquian From moosu, likely meaning "he strips off," perhaps in reference to the way that they strip bark from trees. In Eurasia, the same species is known as "Elk", which probably derives from the Proto-Germanic language [165][166]
Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) killifish Narragansett From moamitteaug ("going in crowds"), reflecting the fishes strong shoaling tendency. [167]
Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) pike Ojibwe and Algonquin The common name and the specific name derive from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe ("great fish") or mashkinonge ("big pike" or "ugly pike") and Algoniquin maskinunga, via French [168][169]
Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) rodent Algonquian (possibly Powhatan) or Abenaki and Wyandot The common name derives from Algonquian muscascus("it is red", due to its colour) or Abenaki mòskwas, with interference from English "musk", referring to its odor. The generic name derives from Wyandot ondathra, the name of the animal, via French. [170][171][172][173][174][175]
Myotis chiloensis bat Huilliche From Chiloé Island, from chilhué ("land of seagulls") [176][177]
Neotamandua † anteater Tupi From Latin neo ("new") and the genus tamandua, itself from taa ("ant") and mundeu ("trap") [79]
Neuquenornis † enantiornith Mapudungun From the Neuquén River, called Nehuenken ("drafty") in Mapudungun, and Greek ornis ("bird") [178][179]
Neuquenraptor † dromaeosaurid Mapudungun From the Neuquén River, called Nehuenken ("drafty") in Mapudungun, and Latin raptor ("robber") [179]
Neuquensaurus † saltasaurid Mapudungun From the Neuquén River, called Nehuenken ("drafty") in Mapudungun, and Greek saurus ("lizard") [179]
Neuquensuchus † mesoeucrocodylid Mapudungun From the Neuquén River, called Nehuenken ("drafty") in Mapudungun, and suchus, the Greek name of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek. [179]
Nhandumirim † sauropodomorph Tupi From Nhandu ("rhea") and mirim ("small") [180]
Nohochichak xibalbahkah † ground sloth Mayan The generic name comes from Nohoch ("great") and ich'ak ("claw"), a translation of the Greek family name Megalonychidae. The specific name is from Xibalba ("the underworld") and ahkah ("dweller") [181]
Nopal (Opuntia cochinellifera) cactus Nahuatl From nohpalli, via Spanish [citation needed]
Nystalus chacuru (white-eared puffbird) puffbird Guarani From chacurú, an imitation of the bird's call. [182]
Oca (Oxalis tuberosa) wood sorrel Quechua The common name derives from uqa, the Quechua name for the plant, via Spanish [183]
Ocelot (leopardalis pardalis) big cat Nahuatl From ōcēlōtl ("jaguar"), perhaps influenced by Latin ocellatus ("having little eyes"), in reference to the cat's spotted coat. [184][185][186][187]
Oligoryzomys chacoensis (Chacoan pygmy rice rat) rodent Quechua Named after the Gran Chaco plains, ultimately from chaku ("hunting land").
Olingo (Bassaricyon) procyonid Uncertain Edward A. Goldman reported hearing the name from "several native hunters" in Panama in 1920. It is also reported as a native name for the howler monkey in Nicaragua. [188]
Opossum (Didelphimorphia) marsupial Powhatan From aposoum ("white animal"), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔθemwa ("white dog"), originally referring to the Virginia opossum [189][190]
Otocinclus bororo (Paraguay dwarf sucker) armoured catfish Bororo Named after the Bororo people [191]
Oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) fir Nahuatl From oya, "to thresh"; metl, "agave", via Spanish [192]
Paca (Cuniculus) rodent Tupi From paca, the name of the animal, meaning "awake, alert" [193][194]
Pacara earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) mimosa Quechua From pacara [citation needed]
Pacay (Inga feuilleei) mimosa Quechua From pakay [citation needed]
Pachagnathus † pterosaur Aymara From the pacha ("earth"), referring to the inland environment it inhabited [195]
Pachyrhizus ahipa (ahipa) pea Quechua The specific and common names derive from ajipa / asipa, the Quechua name for the plant, via Spanish. [196]
Pampadromaeus † sauropodomorph Quechua From pampa ("plain") and Greek dromaeus ("runner") [197]
Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) big cat Quechua From pampa ("plain"). The species name, pajeros is from "a native name" for the cat. [198]
Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) deer Quechua From pampa ("plain")
Pampatherium † glyptodont Quechua From pampa ("plain") and Greek therium ("beast")
Papaya, paw-paw (Carica papya) brassical Taíno From papáia via Spanish [citation needed]
Para dog-faced bat (Cynomops paranus) free-tailed bat Tupi From the Pará River, ultimately from Pará ("sea" or "large river") [199]
Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) spurge Tupi From the Pará River, ultimately from Pará ("sea" or "large river") [199]
Parvinatator wapitiensis † ichthyosaur Shawnee/Cree The specific name is ultimately from waapiti ("elk," literally "white rump") [citation needed]
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) magnolial Probably Miami-Illinois The generic name derives from assimin or rassimin, via French. The common name is derived from papaya (see above). [200][201][202][203]
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) hickory Algonquin and Miami-Illinois The common name derives from pakani, an Algonquin word variously referring to pecans, walnuts, and hickory nuts, via French. The specific name derives from Illinois, ultimately from irenwe·wa ("he speaks the regular way"), via Ojibwe and French [204]
Peccary pig Tupi From pé ("path"), caa ("wood"), and ri ("many"), because of the paths through the forest that the animal creates [205]
Pehuenchesuchus † sebecosuchid Mapudungun Named after the Pehuenche people, whose name means "people of the monkey puzzle tree", and suchus, the Greek name of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek.
Pekania pennanti (Fisher) mustelid Abenaki From pekan, its name in Abenaki [citation needed]
Pelorocephalus ischigualastensis † temnospondyl Cacán From the Ischigualasto Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself means "place where the moon alights". [101]
Persimmon (Diospyros) ebenacean Powhatan From pichamins, pushemins, or pasimenan ("dried fruit"), originally connected with Diospyros virginiana [206][207]
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) cactus Nahuatl From peyōtl ("caterpillar cocoon"), from a root peyōni ("to glisten"). [208][209][210]
Phyllotis osilae (Bunchgrass leaf-eared mouse) rodent Quechua The specific name derives from Asillu District [211]
Pichi (Zaedyus pichiy) armadillo Mapudungun From pichi ("small") [212]
Pilmatueia † diplodocid From Pilmatué, where the holotype was found. [213]
Pinus latahensis † pine Nez Perce From the Latah Formation, incorrectly believed to be the findspot of the holotype, named after Latah Creek ("a place of pines and sestles" or "fish") [214][215]
Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata) heather Cree or Abenaki From Cree pipsissewa ("breaks into small pieces", referring to a medicinal use) or Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe ("flower of the woods") [citation needed]
Pitaya (Stenocereus and Selenicereus) cactus Taíno [citation needed]
Pitekunsaurus † titanosaur Mapudungun From pitekun ("to discover") and Greek saurus ("lizard") [216]
Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) phytolaccacean Powhatan From pocan and English "berry" [217][218]
Scup (Sparidae , porgy) ray-finned fish Narragansett From mishcùppaûog ("porgies"). [219]
Possum (Phalangeriformes) marsupial Powhatan Named for its perceived similarity to the opossum, whose name derives from aposoum ("white animal"), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔθemwa ("white dog"), originally referring to the Virginia opossum [189][190][220]
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) nightshade Taíno / Quechua From Spanish patata, a hybrid of batata ("sweet potato") and papa ("potato") [114][115]
Protojuniperoxylon ischigualastianus † conifer Cacán From the Ischigualasto Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself means "place where the moon alights". [101]
Pseudananas bromeliad Tupi The generic name derives from nanas ("pineapple") and Greek pseudos ("false"). [15]
Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis † proterochampsid Cacán From the Ischigualasto Formation, where the holotype was collected, which itself means "place where the moon alights". [101]
Pudu mephistophiles (Northern pudu)
Pudu puda (Southern Pudu)
Punatherium
Puya bromeliad Mapudungun From puya ("point") [citation needed]
Quahog, hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) clam Algonquian language (probably Narragansett) From poquaûhock or a cognate, the Algonquian name for the clam. [221]
Quetzal (Pharomachrus and Euptilotis neoxenus) trogon Nahuatl From quetzalli ("large brilliant tail feather"), from the root quetz ("stand up"), via Spanish, originally referring specifically to the resplendent quetzal [citation needed]
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) amaranth Quechua From kinwa / kinuwa [222][223][224][144]
Raccoon (procyon lotor) procyonid Powhatan From aroughcun, arathkone, from Proto-Algonquian *ahrah-koon-em("one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands"). [225][226]
Ramphastos toco (Toco toucan) toucan Guarani Toco derives from tucá or tucán, the Guarani word for a toucan, perhaps meaning "bone-nose". A doublet of toucan. [227]
Salal (Gaultheria shallon) heather Lower Chinook From sálal (the local name for the plant), via Chinook Jargon. [228][229][230]
Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) pome Cree From misaaskwatoomin ("saskatoon berry"). The town of Saskatoon is named after the plant. [231]
Scup (Stenotomus chrysops) porgy Narragansett From mishcùp ("porgy"). The plural mishcùppaûog is the source of "porgy". [219]
Sequoioideae (sequoia, redwood) conifers Probably Cherokee Probably named in honour of Sequoyah, the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary. [232][233]
Shastasaurus † ichthyosaur
Shonisaurus † ichthyosaur
Skunk (Mephitidae) mustelid Algonquian (probably Abenaki) Probably from seganku, ultimately from Proto-Algonquian *šeka:kwa, from *šek- ("urinate") and *-a:kw ("fox") [234]
Solanum quitoense (naranjilla or lulo) nightshade Quechua The specific name comes from Quito, from Kitu. Lulo is the Quechua name of the plant. [235]
Squash (Cucurbita) gourd Narragansett From askutasquash ("eaten raw"), from askut ("green, raw") and asquash ("eaten") [236]
South American sapote / chupa-chupa (Quararibea cordata) mallow Nahuatl The common name derives from tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens) capsicum Uncertain From Tabasco State, whose name might derive from Nahuatl or Mayan [237]
Talenkauen
Tamandua anteater Tupi From Taa ("ant") and mundeu ("trap") [79]
Tamarack or hackmatack (Larix laricina) larch Algonquian The exact roots are not known. [238][239]
Tapirus tapirs Tupi From tapi'ira, the Old Tupi name for Tapirus terrestris [240]
Taruca
Tayassu pecari (White-lipped peccary) pig Tupi From tai wasu ("big tooth"), a Tupi name for the animal. The specific name is another Tupi name for the animal, from pé ("path"), caa ("wood"), and ri ("many"), because of the paths through the forest that the animal creates. [79]
Tayra (Eira barbara) weasel Tupi and Guarani The common name is from the Tupi name of the animal, eîrara, via Spanish or Portuguese, while the generic name is from the (related) Guarani name of the animal, eira. [241][242]
Tehuelchesaurus † sauropod Named in honor of the Tehuelche people
Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) bean Uncertain Perhaps from Tohono O'odham tʼpawi ("It's a bean") The name for a small bean was recorded in the 17th century, in the now extinct Eudeve language of northern Mexico, as tépar (accusative case, tépari). [243][244]
Terrapin (various in Testudines) turtle Algonquian From torope ("diamondback terrapin"), subsequently generalised. [245][246]
Teushentherium † Notohippid notoungulate Named in honor of the Teushen language. [247]
Tobacco (Nicotiana) nightshade Taíno? From Spanish tabaco, perhaps from a Taíno word meaning "bundle of tobacco leaves" or "L-shaped pipe for smoking tobacco." [248][249]
Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa) nightshade Nahuatl From tomatl ("swelling" / "fat") via Spanish [250]
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) nightshade Nahuatl From tomatl ("swelling" / "fat") via Spanish [251]
Tonnicinctus †
Torontoceros
Toucan barbet (Semnornis ramphastinus)
Traukutitan † sauropod
Tucumán amazon (Amazona tucumana) parrot Quechua Named for the Tucumán Province, perhaps from yucumán ("origin of many rivers") or tucma ("the end of things"). [11]
Tuckahoe (Peltandra virginica) arum Powhatan From tockawhoughe, the name of the edible root of the plant .[252][253][254]
Tupelo (Nyssa) cornal Muscogee From ito ("tree") and opilwa ("swamp") [255]
Ubirajara jubatus † The paper describing the holotype specimen was withdrawn in 2021, rendering this name a nomen nudum.
Ullucus (Ulluco) caryophyllal Quechua From ulluku, milluku ("Ullucus tuberosus") [256]
Ulmus okanaganensis
Unenlagia
Urumacotherium
Vicuña (Lama vicugna)
Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina) mimosa Quechua From willka ("sacred") [citation needed]
Viscacha (Lagidium and Lagostimus) rodent Quechua From wisk'acha, via Spanish [citation needed]
Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) scombrid
Wahoo (Ulmus alata) elm Muscogee From uhawhu [257]
Wapiti (Cervus canadensis)
White sapote (Casimiroa edulis) citrus Nahuatl The common name derives from tzapotl ("sapote fruit", probably originally referring to the black sapote) [citation needed]
Willinakaqe †
Wokas (Nuphar polysepala) water-lily Klamath-Modoc From wokas, the Klamath name for the plant's seeds [citation needed]
Woodchuck / groundhog (Marmota monax) marmot Algonquian (possibly Narragansett) From wuchak ("fisher", misapplied) [258]
Xibalbaonyx †
Yacarerani †
Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) daisy Quechua From yacón, the Quechua name of the plant [259]
Yelaphomte † pterosaur Allentiac From yelap ("beast") and homtec ("air"), referring to the pneumatic skeleton and the flight capabilities of pterosaurs [195]
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) holly Quechua and Guarani From Spanish hierba ("herb"), a translation of the Guarani name ka'a and Quechua mati ("gourd", "cup"). The specific name refers to Paraguay, from Guarani paraguá ("feather crown") and y ("water"). [260][261][262][263]
Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina) mimosa Quechua [citation needed]
Ypupiara
Yucca asparagid Taíno From yuca, the name of the cassava, with which it was confused by Linnaeus [50]
Yukon Wild Horse (Equus lambei)
Yungavolucris enantiornithine bird Aymara/Quechua From the Yungas forest, where it was found, ultimately from Aymara and Quechua yunka ("warm region of the Andes") and Latin volucris ("flyer") [264][143][144]
Yuruatherium
Zaedyus pichiy (pichi)
Zephyranthes atamasca (rain lily, atamasco-lily) amaryllid Powhatan? Possibly from attamusca, the Powhatan name for the plant. [265]
Zupaysaurus

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  204. ^ "Pecan, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2016. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. French (Mississippi Valley) pacane (1712; 1721 in the source translated in quot. 1761 at sense 1); Illinois pakani (= /pakaːni/); cognates in other Algonquian languages are applied to hickory nuts and walnuts. Compare Spanish pacano (1772; 1779 in a Louisiana context).
  205. ^ Braun, Janet K.; Mares, Michael A. (1995). "The Mammals of Argentina: An Etymology" (PDF). Mastozoología Neotropical. 2 (2): 189–190.
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  207. ^ "Persimmon". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  208. ^ Other sources, apparently incorrectly, translate the Nahuatl word as "divine messenger". Anderson, Edward F. (2001). The Cactus Family. Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5. p. 396.
  209. ^ "Peyote". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020.
  210. ^ Andrews, J. Richard (2003). Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Revised Edition. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3453-6. p. 246. See peyotl in Wiktionary.
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  212. ^ Superina, Mariella; Abba, Agustin M. "Zaedyus pichiy (Cingulata: Dasypodidae)". Mammalian Species. 46 (905): 2.
  213. ^ Rodolfo A. Coria; Guillermo J. Windholz; Francisco Ortega; Philip J. Currie (2018). "A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous (Mulichinco Formation, Valanginian, Neuquén Basin) of Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 93: 33–48. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.019. S2CID 135017018.
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  215. ^ Grim, Ronald E.; McDermott, Paul D. (2004). "The Case of the Mullan Road: Naming Features Along the Railroad and Road Surveys in the Northern Rockies". COLUMBIA Magazine. COLUMBIA: Winter 2004, Vol. 18, No. 4. Retrieved 2009-07-24.[dead link]
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  219. ^ a b "scup", in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
  220. ^ "possum". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  221. ^ "Quahaug, quahog", in Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)
  222. ^ "quinoa". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  223. ^ "quinoa". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  224. ^ "quinoa". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  225. ^ Other attested colonial spellings of the Powhatan word include: racone, arrathcune, arathcoon, aroucoun, and rahaughcun. Vogel, Virgil J. (1962). "Indian Place Names in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 55 (4): 385–458. JSTOR 40190265.
  226. ^ Holmgren, Virginia C. (1990). Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards. Santa Barbara, California: Capra Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-88496-312-7.
  227. ^ Jobling, James A. (30 June 2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-4081-3326-2.
  228. ^ shallon, Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version June 2012. Accessed 2 August 2012.
  229. ^ salal, Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Accessed 2 August 2012.
  230. ^ Nisbet, Jack (2009). The Collector: David Douglas and the Natural History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-1-57061-613-6.
  231. ^ Adam Augustyn (2021). "Saskatoon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  232. ^ Lowe, Gary D. (2012). "Endlicher's Sequence: The Naming of the Genus Sequoia" (PDF). cnps.org. California Native Plant Society. p. 27. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Whitney states, 'The genus was named in honor of Sequoia* or Sequoyah, a Cherokee Indian.'
  233. ^ Sierra Nevada – The Naturalist's Companion. University of California Press. 1 June 2000. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-520-92549-6.
  234. ^ "skunk (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  235. ^ Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de. Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique ... Botanique 2: 16. 1794.
  236. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2022), "squash", in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  237. ^ "Nomenclatura" [Nomenclature]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Tabasco (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  238. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Larix laricina". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
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  243. ^ "Tepary Bean". Agro Products. Archived from the original on 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  244. ^ Campbell W. Pennington, 1981, Arte y vocabulario de la lengua dohema, heve o eudeva, Mexico City: UNAM, p. 230.
  245. ^ "Terrapin" www.merriam-webster.com, accessed 9 November 2021
  246. ^ Coombes, Allen, ed. (2008). Wildlife of Britain. The Definitive Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4053-6709-7.
  247. ^ Martínez, Gastón; Dozo, María T.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Ciancio, Martín R.; González-José, Rolando (2020-12-16). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic considerations on the paraphyletic 'Notohippidae'". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (24): 1995–2013. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1872723. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 232116246.
  248. ^ Hilton, Ronald (3 April 2011). "Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba". World Association of International Studies. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011.
  249. ^ Ernst, A. (1889). "On the etymology of the word tobacco". American Anthropologist. A2 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1525/aa.1889.2.2.02a00020.
  250. ^ Small, Ernest (2011). Top 100 Exotic Food Plants. CRC Press. pp. 117–20. ISBN 978-1-4398-5688-8.
  251. ^ "tomahuac". Nahuatl Dictionary. Wired Humanities Projects. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014.
  252. ^ The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia, W. Strachey, https://archive.org/details/historietravail00majogoog/page/n187/mode/1up?q=tockowhough&view=theater
  253. ^ "Peltandra virginica in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  254. ^ "!Peltandra virginica (L.) Raf. ex Schott & Endl". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  255. ^ New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd Edition.
  256. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary). http://futatraw.ourproject.org/descargas/DicQuechuaBolivia.pdf
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  259. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (22 November 1999). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. p. 2498. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
  260. ^ Real Academia Española. "Mate". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
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  262. ^ Real Academia Española. "Yerba". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  263. ^ Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (1876), "Paraguá", Vocabulario y tesoro de la lengua Guarani (ó mas bien Tupi), vol. 2, p. 263
  264. ^ Chiappe, Luis M. (1993). "Enantiornithine (Aves) Tarsometatarsi from the Cretaceous Lecho Formation of Northwestern Argentina". American Museum Novitates (3083): 1–27.
  265. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names: a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 536. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
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