List of famines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1849

This is a non-exhaustive list of famines.

List[edit]

Date Event Location Death toll (where known; estimated)
2200 BC–2100 BC The 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwide Global
441 BC The first famine recorded in ancient Rome. Ancient Rome[1]
103 BC–89 BC Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the Five Dravidians[2] Anuradhapura Kingdom
26 BC Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus Judea 20,000+
370 Famine in Phrygia Phrygia
372–373 Famine in Edessa Edessa
400–800 Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.[citation needed] Western Europe
470 Famine Gaul
535–536 Volcanic winter of 536 Global
585 Famine Gaul
639 Famine in Arabia during the reign of Umar[3] Arabia
750s Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[4]
779 Famine Francia
792–793 Famine Francia
800–1000 Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization[5] Mayan areas of Mesoamerica 1,000,000+
805–806 Famine Francia
875–884 Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[6][7] Huang Chao captured capital China
927–928 Caused by four months of frost[8][9] Byzantine Empire
963–968 Famine Egypt
1005–1006 Europe[10]
1016 Famine throughout Europe[11] Europe
1025 Famine Egypt
1051 Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[12] Mexico (present day)
1055–1056 Famine Egypt
1064–1072 Mustansirite Hardship[13][14] Egypt 40,000[13]
1069–1070 Harrying of the North England 100,000
1097 Famine and plague [15] France 100,000
1124–1126 Famine Europe
1143–1147 Famine Europe
1150–1151 Famine Europe
1161–1162 Famine Aquitaine
1181 Yōwa famine Japan 42,300
1196–1197 Famine Europe
1199–1202 Famine Egypt 100,000
1224–1226 Famine Europe
1230 Famine in the Novgorod Republic[citation needed] Russia
1230–1231 The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[16] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[17] Japan 2,000,000
1235 Famine in England[18] England 20,000 in London
1256–1258 Famine in Italy, Spain, Portugal and England[19] Europe
1264 Famine Egypt
1275–1277 Famine[20] Italy
1275–1299 Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[21] United States
1285–1286 Famine[20] Italy
1294 Famine Egypt
1302–1303 Famine in Spain and Italy[20] Europe
1304 Famine France
1305 Famine France
1310 Famine France
1315–1317 Great Famine of 1315–1317 Europe[22] 7,500,000
1319-20 Great Bovine Pestilence England
1321 Famine England
1328–1330 Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[20] Europe
1330–1333 Famine France
1333–1337 Chinese famine of 1333–1337 China[23] 6,000,000
1339–1340 Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[20] Europe
1344–1345 Famine in India, under the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq[citation needed] India
1346–1347 Famine in France, Italy and Spain[20] Europe
1349–1351 Famine France
1351 Famine England
1358–1360 Famine France
1369 Famine England
1371 Famine France
1374–1375 Famine in France, Italy and Spain[20] Europe
1374–1375 Famine Egypt
1390–1391 Famine France
1394–1396 Famine Egypt
1396–1407 The Durga Devi famine India[24][11]
1403–1404 Famine Egypt
1432–1434 The Hungry Years Czech Republic
1437–1438 Famine in France, Holy Roman Empire, and Britain Europe
1441 Famine in Mayapan Mexico[25]
1450–1454 Famine in the Aztec Empire,[26] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[27] Mexico
1460–1461 Kanshō famine in Japan[citation needed] Japan 82,000
1472–1474 Famine[28] Italy
1476 Famine[28] Italy
1482–1484 Famine[28] Italy
1493 Famine[28] Italy
1502–1505 Famine[28] Italy
1504 Spain[29]
1518 Venice[citation needed] Italy (present day)
1521–1523 Famine in the Low Countries, Ireland and the Nordic Countries Europe
1527–1530 Famine[28] Italy
1528 Famine in Languedoc France[30]
1533–1534 Famine[28] Italy
1535 Famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia
1539–1540 Famine[28] Italy
1540 Tenbun famine [ja] Japan
1544–1545 Famine[28] Italy
1550–1552 Famine[28] Italy
1558–1560 Famine[28] Italy
1567–1570 Famine in Harar, combined with plague[citation needed]. Emir of Harar died. Ethiopia
1569–1574 Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east of Ukraine[28] Europe
1585–1587 Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland[28] Europe
1590–1598 Pan-European famine, including Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Britain and the Nordic countries[28] Europe
1600–1601 Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy[31] Italy
1601–1603 One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[32][33] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population. Russia 2,000,000
1607–1608 Famine[28] Italy
1618–1648 Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War Europe
1618–1622 Famine[28] Italy
1619 Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[34] Japan
1628–1632 Famine[28] Italy
1630–1632 Deccan famine of 1630–1632 India 7,400,000
1630–1631 Famine in north-west China China
1640–1643 Kan'ei Great Famine Japan 50,000-100,000
1648–1649 Famine[28] Italy
1648–1660 Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague[citation needed] Poland
1649 Famine in northern England [35] England
1650–1652 Famine in the east of France [36] France
1651–1653 Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[37] Ireland
1661 Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[38][11] India
1670s – 1680s Plague and famines in Spain[citation needed] Spain
1670–1671 Kyungshin Famine Korea 1,000,000 - 1,500,000
1672 Famine in southern Italy[31] Italy
1678–1679 Famine[28] Italy
1680 Famine in Sardinia[39] Italy (present day) 80,000[40]
1680s Famine in Sahel[36] West Africa
1690s Famine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population [41] Scotland 60,000–180,000
1693–1694 Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French as some estimet in realithy around 600 000-700 000 French died in the Great Famine of 1693-1694 France 700 000−1300000[42][43]
1693–1695 Famine[28] Italy
1695–1697 Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead) The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time 150,000–175,000[citation needed]
1696–1697 Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[44] Finland, then part of Sweden proper 150,000
1702–1704 Famine in Deccan[45] India 2,000,000[45]
1708–1711 Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[46] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000 – 250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[47] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708-1712 also affected East Prussia. East Prussia 250,000
1709 Famine[28] Italy
1709–1710 The fr:Grande famine de 1709 France[48] 600,000
1716 Famine[28] Italy
1722 Arabia[49]
1724 Famine[28] Italy
1727–1728 Famine in the English Midlands[50] England
1732–1733 Kyōhō famine Japan 12,172–169,000[51]
1738–1756 Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[52] West Africa
1740–1741 Irish Famine (1740–1741) Ireland 300,000–480,000
1750–1756 Famine in the Senegambia region [53] Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1764 Famine in Naples[54][28] Italy (present day)
1767 Famine[28] Italy
1769–1773 Great Bengal famine of 1770,[11] 10 million dead (one third of population) India, Bangladesh (present day) 10,000,000
1770–1771 Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people Czech Republic (present day) 100,000+
1771–1772 Famine in Saxony and southern Germany[citation needed] Germany
1773 Famine in Sweden[55] Sweden
1779 Famine in Rabat Morocco[56]
1780s Great Tenmei famine Japan 20,000 – 920,000
1783 Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[57] Iceland
1783–1784 Chalisa famine India 11,000,000[58]
1784 Widespread famine throughout Egypt[59] Egypt
1784–1785 Famine in Tunisia[citation needed] Tunisia
1788 The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[60] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[61][62] France
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north" Ethiopia
1789–1793 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India 11,000,000
1801 Famine[28] Italy
1804–1872, 1913 A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia Poland, Ukraine (present day) 400,000-550,000
1811–1812 Famine devastated Madrid[63] Spain 20,000[64]
1815 Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine Indonesia 10,000
1816–1817 Year Without a Summer Europe 65,000
1830–1833 Claimed to have killed 42% of the population Cape Verde 30,000[65]
1832–1833 Guntur famine of 1832 India 150,000
1833–1837 Tenpō famine Japan
1837–1838 Agra famine of 1837–1838 India 800,000
1845–1857 Highland Potato Famine Scotland
1845–1849 Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 600 000 people out off over 10 million people inhabitating Ireland . Between 1.5–2 million people forced to emigrate[66] Ireland 600 000 to over 1500000 that emigrated+
1846 Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal[citation needed] Portugal
1846-1848 The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Irish Potato Famine. Newfoundland, present-day Canada
1849–1850 Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. Indonesia 83,000[67]
1860–1861 Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 India 2,000,000
1863–1867 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000[68]
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 India 1,000,000[69]
1866–1868 Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died Finland 150,000+
1866–1868 Famine in French Algeria French Algeria 820,000
1867–1869 Swedish famine of 1867–1869. Sweden
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 India 1,500,000[69]
1870–1872 Persian famine of 1870–1872 Iran 200,000-3,000,000 Estimates vary [70]
1873–1874 Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[71][72] Turkey (present day)
1873–1874 Bihar famine of 1873–1874 India
1876–1879 Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 9–13 million people.[73] 5.5 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in India. 500,000 died in Brazil. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[74][75] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[76] In Brazil, Grande Seca killed probably more than 400.000 people. India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). 15,000,000–19,000,000 in Northern China, India and Brazil.
1878–1880 St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska[77] United States 1,000
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. Ireland
1888–1889 Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar India 150,000
1888–1892 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[78][79] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). Ethiopia 1,000,000
1891–1892 Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. Russia 375,000–500,000[80][81]
1895–1898 Famine during the Cuban War of Independence Cuba 200,000–300,000
1896–1897 Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion China
1896–1902 Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[75][82][83] India 2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1900–1903 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 11,000–20,000[68]
1904–1906 Famine in Spain[84][85][86] Spain
1906–1907 Chinese famine of 1906–1907 China 20,000,000-25,000,000[87]
1914–1918 Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[88] Lebanon 200,000
1914–1919 Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.[89] Germany 763,000
1917 Famine in German East Africa German East Africa 300,000
1917–1919 Persian famine of 1917–1919 Iran 2,000,000,[90] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000[91]
1918–1919 Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[citation needed]
1919–1922 Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population Turkestan [92]
1920–1921 Famine in northern China China 500,000
1920–1922 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 24,000–25,000[68]
1921 Russian famine of 1921–1922 Russia 5,000,000[93]
1921–1922 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan Russia 500,000–2,000,000[94]
1921–1923 1921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian Ukraine Ukraine 250,000–1,000,000[95]
1924–1925 Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[96][unreliable source?] Russia
1924–1925 Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain Irish Free State [citation needed]
1926 Famine in Darfur[97] Darfur, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1928–1929 Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–1930 Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in million of deaths China 3,000,000-10,000,000
1930–1931 Famine Madagascar 32,000
1932–1933 Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period,[98] and bad harvests in the years of 1931-1932.[99] Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR 5,000,000[99]-7,000,000[100]
1939–1952 Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economy Spain 200,000[101][102]
1940–1943 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 20,000[68]
1940–1945 Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[103] Occupied Poland
1940–1948 Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[104] Morocco 200,000
1941–1944 Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[105] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[106] Soviet Union 800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[107][108] Greece 300,000
1941–1942 Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[109] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[110] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine. [111] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[112] Soviet Union 30,000–80,000
1941-1943 Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[113] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation. [114] Soviet Union 10,000
1942–1943 Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Henan, China 700,000
1942–1943 Iranian famine of 1942–1943 Iran 3,000,000[115][better source needed]
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 Bengal, India, Bangladesh 2,100,000
1943–1944 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day) 36,000–50,000
1943–1945 Famine in Hadhramaut Yemen (present day) 10,000[116][117]
1944–1945 Java under Japanese occupation Java, Indonesia 2,400,000[118]
1944 Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War II Netherlands 20,000
1945 Vietnamese famine of 1945 Vietnam 600,000–2,000,000[119]
1945-1947 Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Soviet Union 57,000–76,500[120]
1946-1947 German "Hungerwinter" Germany >100,000[121]
1946–1947 Soviet famine of 1946–1947 Soviet Union 1,000,000–1,500,000[122][123]
1946–1948 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde 30,000[68]
1949 Nyasaland famine of 1949 Malawi 200
1950 1950 Caribou Inuit famine Canada 60
1958 Famine in Tigray Ethiopia 100,000
1959–1961 The Great Chinese Famine[124][125][126] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962. China (mainland) 15,000,000–55,000,000[125][127][128]
1966–1967 Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade Indonesia 50,000[129]
1966–1967 Rice crisis[130] Burma
1967–1970 Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade Nigeria 2,000,000
1968–1972 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[131] Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso 1,000,000 [citation needed]
1971–1973 Afghanistan drought Afghanistan
1972–1973 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule Ethiopia 60,000[132]
1973 Darfur drought Darfur, Sudan 1,000
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 Bangladesh 27,000-1,500,000 [citation needed]
1975–1979 Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine Cambodia 500,000[133]
1980–1981 Caused by drought and conflict[132] Uganda 30,000[132]
1982–1985 Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War Mozambique 100,000
1983–1985 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia 400,000–600,000[134]
1984–1985 Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 240,000
1988 Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 100,000
1991–1992 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[132] Somalia 300,000[132]
1993 1993 Sudan famine Sudan
1994–1998 North Korean famine.[135][136] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[137] North Korea 200,000–3,500,000
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought Sudan 70,000[132]
1998 1998 Afghanistan famine Afghanistan
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War Ethiopia
1998–2004 Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700,000
2003–2005 Famine during the War in Darfur Sudan 200,000
2005–2006 2005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa [citation needed] Niger and West Africa
2011–2012 Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[138] Somalia 285,000
2012 Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[139] Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen 85,000 children as of 2017[140] Unknown number of adults.
2017 Famine in South Sudan[141] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in Nigeria South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.
2020–present Famine in the Tigray War Tigray, Ethiopia
2021–present 2021–2022 Madagascar famine Madagascar
2023–present Gaza Strip famine Gaza Strip, Palestine

Global famines history

See also[edit]

Main article lists[edit]

Other articles[edit]

References[edit]

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  52. ^ "Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends". Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  53. ^ Searing, James F. (2003), West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700–1860, Cambridge University Press, p. 132, ISBN 978-0-521-53452-9
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  56. ^ "The locust plague". Ub.es. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
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  58. ^ Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1–2): 80, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, hdl:1885/51009, S2CID 162783898
  59. ^ "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  60. ^ Grove, Richard H. (1998), "Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño", Nature, 393 (6683): 318–19, Bibcode:1998Natur.393..318G, doi:10.1038/30636, S2CID 205000683
  61. ^ Wood, C.A. (1992), "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption", in Harrington, C.R. (ed.), The Year Without a Summer?, Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, pp. 58–77
  62. ^ Neumann, J. (1977), "Great Historical Events that were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 2, The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58 (2): 163–68, Bibcode:1977BAMS...58..163N, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0163:GHETWS>2.0.CO;2, ISSN 1520-0477
  63. ^ Carr, Raymond (2001), Spain: a history, Oxford University Press, p. 203, ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1
  64. ^ Reader, John (2005), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-87113-898-9
  65. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 22.
  66. ^ "The Great Famine in Ireland, 1845–1849". Ego4u.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  67. ^ Elson, R.E. (1985). "The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849–50: Its Causes and Circumstances". Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs. 19 (1): 39–85.
  68. ^ a b c d e O'Grada, as above.
  69. ^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.
  70. ^ Seyf, Ahmad (2010), "Iran and the Great Famine, 1870–72", Middle East Studies, 46 (2), Taylor & Francis: 289–306, doi:10.1080/00263201003616584, S2CID 143872685
  71. ^ Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004), Turkey: a modern history (3 ed.), I. B.Tauris, p. 72, ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6
  72. ^ Mitchell, Stephen (1995), Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor (reprint ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-19-815029-9
  73. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 245.
  74. ^ Roy, Tirthankar (2006), The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 361
  75. ^ a b Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1900). "Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt".
  76. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, Chapter 1.
  77. ^ The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80, Arctic Anthropology
  78. ^ Serrill, Michael S. (1987-12-21). "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst". Time.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  79. ^ "El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-11.
  80. ^ "The History of International Humanitarian Assistance". Iupui.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  81. ^ Spiridovich, Alexander. Revolutionary movement in Russian. Ed. 2.; accessed June 22, 2018.(in Russian)
  82. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
  83. ^ Dyson 1991, p. 15.
  84. ^ "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).
  85. ^ R. J. Harrison, "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 300–07
  86. ^ Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000). Spain's 1898 crisis : regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5862-7. OCLC 44100623. A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
  87. ^ Penuel, K.; Statler, Matt (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412994064. ISBN 9781412971010. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  88. ^ Basckin, Deborah (November 25, 2014). "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  89. ^ "The National Archives | Exhibitions & Learning online | First World War | Spotlights on history". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  90. ^
    • Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations. New York: New Press, The. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
    • Katouzian, Homa (2013). Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 1934. ISBN 9781780742731.
    • Rubin, Barry (2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 508. ISBN 9781317455783.
  91. ^ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2003). The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761826330.
  92. ^ [4] Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ [5] Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ Mizelle, Peter Christopher (2002), "Battle with famine" : Soviet relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922, University of Virginia, doi:10.18130/V37P8TC84, retrieved 2023-02-25
  95. ^ Wasyl, Veryha (1984). "Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet government's countermeasures". Nationalities Papers. 12 (2). District of Columbia, USA: 265–285. doi:10.1080/00905998408408001. S2CID 154189763.
  96. ^ [6] Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 139.
  98. ^ Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501730436.
  99. ^ a b Davies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010-01-20). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. OCLC 649384703.
  100. ^ "Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
  101. ^ Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship, 1939–52
  102. ^ Franco's Famine: Malnutrition, Disease and Starvation in Post-Civil War Spain
  103. ^ In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in the General Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all, Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). The Belzec extermination camp, the Sobibor extermination camp and the Treblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
  104. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2015-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  106. ^ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417-418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110-113.
  107. ^ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC 62532868.
  108. ^ Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007
  109. ^ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
  110. ^ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
  111. ^ Alex J. Kay, Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. 2021 Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  112. ^ Alexander Werth, Russia at War 1941-1945, 2000 Carroll & Graf Publishers New York, pages 607/608
  113. ^ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2004. P. 186
  114. ^ Alex J. Kay, Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. 2021 Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  115. ^ Mohammad Gholi Majd: Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine; University Press of America, 2016.
  116. ^ Mary Fletcher: Famine in Arabia
  117. ^ Ulrike Freitag: Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland; BRILL, 2003. (p. 406)
  118. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
  119. ^ Geoffrey Gunn, The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal Volume 9 | Issue 5 | Number 4 | Article ID 3483 | Jan 24, 2011. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  120. ^ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321 to 343, (p. 336).
  121. ^ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
  122. ^ The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics
  123. ^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  124. ^ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  125. ^ a b MENG, XIN; QIAN, NANCY; YARED, PIERRE (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  126. ^ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  127. ^ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259.
  128. ^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
  129. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  130. ^ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. p. 225.
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  132. ^ a b c d e f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
  133. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  134. ^ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
  135. ^ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS. Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
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  137. ^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  138. ^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  139. ^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  140. ^ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times.
  141. ^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

  • Media related to famines at Wikimedia Commons
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