List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe

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Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
Endangered
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This article is a list of languages and dialects that have no native speakers, no spoken descendents, and diverged from their parent language in Europe.

List[edit]

Language/dialect Family Date of extinction Region Ethnic group
Aeolic Greek Indo-European [data missing] Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly Aeolians
Aequian Indo-European 200s BC[1] East-central Italy Aequi
Akkala Sámi Uralic 29 December 2003 AD[2] Southwest Kola Peninsula Akkala Sámi
Alavese Basque (language isolate) [data missing] Álava Alavese Basques
Ancient Belgian Indo-European [data missing] Nordwestblock Belgae
Ancient Macedonian Indo-European 0s AD[3] Macedonia Ancient Macedonians
Andalusi Arabic Afroasiatic 1600s AD[4] Al-Andalus Andalusi Muslims
Andalusi Romance Indo-European 1300s AD[5] Al-Andalus Mozarabs and Muladí
Anglo-Norman Indo-European 1400s AD[6] Norman England Anglo-Normans
Aquitanian Language isolate [data missing] Novempopulania and Basque Country Aquitani
Arcadocypriot Greek Indo-European [data missing] Arcadia and Cyprus Arcadocypriot Greeks
Armeno-Kipchak Turkic 1600 AD[7] Crimea Crimean Armenians
Arran Gaelic Indo-European 1977 AD[8] Isle of Arran Arran Gaels
Auregnais Indo-European 1960s AD[9] Alderney Channel Islanders of Alderney
Basque–Icelandic pidgin Basque–Icelandic pidgin [data missing] Westfjords Basque whalers and Icelanders
Bohemian Romani Indo-European 1945 AD[10] Bohemia Bohemian Romani
Borgarmålet Swedish–Sámi pidgin [data missing] Swedish Sápmi Swedes and Sámi
British Latin Indo-European 700s AD[11] Roman Britain; later Anglo-Saxon England British Romans
Bulgar Turkic [data missing] Danubian Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria Bulgars
Burgundian Indo-European 500s AD[12] Kingdom of the Burgundians Burgundians
Camunic Unclassified [data missing] Val Camonica Camunni
Celtiberian Indo-European [data missing] Iberia Celtiberians
Cimmerian Indo-European [data missing] North Caucasus Cimmerians
Cisalpine Gaulish Indo-European [data missing] Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gauls
Classical Gaelic Indo-European [data missing] Scotland and Ireland Scots and Irish
Crimean Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[13] Crimea Crimean Goths
Cuman Turkic 1770 AD[14] Cumania Cumans
Cumbric Indo-European 1100s AD[15] Cumbria Cumbrians
Curonian Indo-European 1500s AD[16] Courland Curonians
Dacian Indo-European 500s AD[17] Dacia Dacians
Dalmatian Indo-European 10 June 1898 AD[18] Dalmatia Dalmatae
Dardanian Indo-European [data missing] Kingdom of Dardania Dardani
Deeside Gaelic Indo-European 18 March 1984 AD[19] Aberdeenshire Gaels of Aberdeenshire
East Galindian Indo-European [data missing] Protva basin Eastern Galindians
Eastern Navarrese Language isolate 1991 AD[20] Navarre Basques
Elymian Indo-European [data missing] Western Sicily Elymians
Èrsh Northeast Caucasian [data missing] Caucasus Èr
Eteocretan Unclassified [data missing] Crete Eteocretans
Eteocypriot Unclassified 300s BC[21] Cyprus Eteocypriots
Etruscan Tyrsenian 0s AD[22] Etruria Etruscans
Faliscan Indo-European [data missing] Northern Lazio Falisci
Fingallian Indo-European [data missing] Fingal Fingallians
Gallaecian Indo-European [data missing] Gallaecia Gallaeci
Galwegian Gaelic Indo-European [data missing] Galloway Galwegian Gaels
Gaulish Indo-European 500s AD[23] Gaul Gauls
Gothic Indo-European 1700s AD[24] Throughout Europe Goths
Hernican Indo-European 1000s BC[25] Southeast Latium Hernici
Hunnic Unclassified [data missing] Hunnic Empire Huns
Iazychie Indo-European 1900s AD[26] Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia Ukrainian and Carpatho-Rusyn Moskvophiles
Iberian Unclassified 0s AD[27] Iberia Iberians
Illyrian Indo-European 100s AD[28] Illyria Illyrians
Jassic Indo-European [data missing] Jászság Jász
Judaeo-Aragonese Indo-European [data missing] Aragon Aragonese Jews
Judaeo-Piedmontese Indo-European [data missing] Piedmont Piedmontese Jews
Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European 1800s AD[29] Portugal Portuguese Jews
Judaeo-Provençal Indo-European 3 November 1977 AD[30] Provence Provençal Jews
Kainuu Sámi Uralic [data missing] Kainuu Kainuu Sámi
Kemi Sámi Uralic [data missing] Southern Finnish Lapland Kemi Sámi
Khazar Turkic [data missing] Khazar Khaganate Khazars
Kilit Indo-European [data missing] Kilit Talysh of Kilit
Klezmer-loshn Indo-European [data missing] Eastern Europe Klezmorim
Knaanic Indo-European [data missing] Central Europe West Slavic Jews
Krevinian Uralic 1800s AD[31] Latvia Votians
Laiuse Romani Mixed Romani–Estonian 1940s AD[32] Laiuse Romani of Laiuse
Lanuvian Indo-European [data missing] Lanuvium Lanuvians
Leinster Irish Indo-European [data missing] Leinster Irish of Leinster
Lemnian Tyrsenian 400s BC[33] Lemnos Lemnians
Lepontic Indo-European 0s BC[34] Cisalpine Gaul and Raetia Lepontii
Liburnian Indo-European [data missing] Liburnia Liburnians
Ligurian Unclassified 100s AD[35] Liguria Ligures
Locrian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Locris Locrians
Lombardic Indo-European 800s AD[36] Pannonia and Italy Lombards
Lusitanian Indo-European 100s AD[37] Lusitania Lusitanians
Marsian Indo-European 150s BC[38] Marsica Marsi
Marrucinian Indo-European [data missing] Chieti Marrucini
Merya Uralic [data missing] Upper Volga region Meryans
Meshchera Uralic [data missing] Meshchera Lowlands Meshchera
Messapic Indo-European 100s BC[39] Salento Messapians
Minoan Unclassified 1450s BC[40] Crete Minoans
Moselle Romance Indo-European 1000s AD[41] The Moselle People along the Moselle
Muromian Uralic 900s AD[42] Oka basin Muromians
Noric Indo-European 100s AD[43] Noricum Norici
Norn Indo-European 1850 AD[44] Northern Isles and Caithness Norse settlement of Northern Isles and Caithness
North Picene Unclassified [data missing] North Picenum North Picentes
Northern Manx Indo-European 1940s AD[45] Northern part of the Isle of Man Northern Manx
Old Novgorod Indo-European 1500s AD[46] Novgorod Republic Novgorodians
Old Prussian Indo-European 1700s AD[47] Prussia Old Prussians
Orkhon Turkic Turkic 1200s AD[48] Eastern Europe Göktürks
Oscan Indo-European 0s AD[49] Campania and Latium adiectum Osci
Ottoman Turkish Turkic 1950s AD[50] Ottoman Empire Ottoman Turks
Paelignian Indo-European [data missing] Valle Peligna Paeligni
Paeonian Indo-European [data missing] Paeonia Paeonians
Paleo-Corsican Unclassified [data missing] Corsica Ancient Corsi
Paleo-Sardinian Unclassified [data missing] Sardinia Nuragic peoples
Pamphylian Greek Indo-European [data missing] Pamphylia Pamphylians
Pannonian Romance Indo-European [data missing] Pannonia Latin Pannonians
Pecheneg Turkic [data missing] Eastern Europe Pechenegs
Pelasgian Unclassified [data missing] Aegean Islands Pelasgians
Phrygian Indo-European 100 AD[51] Balkans Bryges
Pictish Indo-European 1000s AD[52] Northern Scotland Picts
Polabian Indo-European 3 October 1756 AD[53] Northeastern Germany Polabian Slavs
Praenestinian Indo-European [data missing] Palestrina Praenestinians
Pre-Samnite Indo-European [data missing] Campania Pre-Samnites
Punic Afro-Asiatic 500s AD[54] Malta, Balearic Islands, western Sicily and southern and eastern Sardinia Carthaginians
Rhaetic Tyrsenian [data missing] Raetia Raeti
Rotvælsk Indo-European 1900s AD[55] Denmark Natmændsfolk
Russenorsk Russian–Norwegian pidgin 1900s AD[56] Northern Norway Pomors and Norwegians
Sabine Indo-European 300s-200s BC[57] Sabina Sabines
Selonian Indo-European [data missing] Selonia Selonians
Semigallian Indo-European 1500s AD[58] Semigallia Semigallians
Shirvani Arabic Afroasiatic [data missing] Shirvan Shirvani
Sicanian Unclassified [data missing] Central Sicily Sicani
Sicilian Arabic Afro-Asiatic 1200s AD[59] Emirate of Sicily Sicilian Arabs
Siculian Indo-European 300s BC[60] Eastern Sicily Sicels
Sidicini Indo-European [data missing] Sidicinum Sidicini
Skalvian Indo-European [data missing] Scalovia Skalvians
Slovincian Indo-European 1900s AD[61] Northwestern Kashubia Slovincians
Solombala English English–Russian pidgin [data missing] Solombala Shipyard English and Russian traders
Sorophatic Indo-European 100s AD[citation needed] Catalan Countries Sorophatic people
South Picene Indo-European 300s BC[62] South Picenum South Picentes
Sudovian Indo-European [data missing] Yotvingia Yotvingians
Suebian Indo-European [data missing] Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia Suebi
Tartessian Unclassified 400s BC[63] Tartessos Tartessians
Thracian Indo-European 500s AD[64] Thracia Thracians
Ubykh Northwest Caucasian 7 October 1992 AD[65] Ubykhia Ubykh
Umbrian Indo-European [data missing] Umbria Umbri
Vandalic Indo-European 500s AD[66] Vandal kingdoms Vandals
Venetic Indo-European 0s BC[67] Veneto Adriatic Veneti
Vestinian Indo-European 100s BC[68] Abruzzo Vestini
Volscian Indo-European 200s BC[69] Volscia Volsci
West Galindian Indo-European [data missing] Northeastern Poland Western Galindians
Yola Indo-European 1800s AD[70] Forth and Bargy Irish of Forth and Bargy
Zarphatic Indo-European 1300s AD[71] Northern France and west-central Germany French Jews

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Aequian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 5th to 3rd centuries BC.
  2. ^ "Nordisk samekonvensjon" [Nordic Sami Convention] (PDF) (in Norwegian). 26 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Ancient Macedonian". Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  4. ^ Versteegh, Kees (2006). Eid, Mushira (ed.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
  5. ^ Mozarabic language at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. ^ "xno". Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  7. ^ Abdurrazak Peler, Gökçe Yükselen (2015). "Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K" [A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks]. Journal of Turkish Studies (in Turkish). 10 (8): 253. doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.8215.
  8. ^ Broderick, George (2018). "The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975". The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 12. University of Mannheim: 4. Retrieved 5 December 2023. The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977)...
  9. ^ Satter, Raphael (4 October 2012). "Scottish man dies, taking town's unique dialect with him". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 September 2023. The last native speaker of Alderney French, a Norman dialect spoken in the Channel Islands, died around 1960.
  10. ^ "Romani - Gypsies". Crystalinks.
  11. ^ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0198217312.
  12. ^ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091110211.
  13. ^ Krause, Todd; Slocum, Jonathan. "The Corpus of Crimean Gothic". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  14. ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs.
  15. ^ Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1976). Scottish Place-names: Their Study and Significance. Batsford. p. 131. ISBN 0713432535.
  16. ^ Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch" [Curonian]. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Wieser Enzyklopaedie des europäischen Ostens (in German). Vol. 10. Klagenfurt, Austria: Wieser. p. 957. ISBN 3851295102. OCLC 610229982. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Dacian". Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
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  19. ^ "Gaelic in the North East | The School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture | The University of Aberdeen". www.abdn.ac.uk.
  20. ^ "Eastern Navarre (Baskalkia)". Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  21. ^ "Eteocypriot - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
  22. ^ Rix, Helmut (2004). "Etruscan". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. ISBN 978-0-521-56256-0.
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  33. ^ "Lemnian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. An ancient language of the Greek island of Lemnos. Until perhaps 400 BC.
  34. ^ "Lepontic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2023. c. 600 BC - 1 BC.
  35. ^ "Ligurian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300 BC- 100 AD.
  36. ^ "Langobardic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Lusitanian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 2nd Century AD.
  38. ^ "Marsian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 300-150 BC.
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  47. ^ Young, Steven (2008). "Baltic". In Kapović, Mate (ed.). The Indo-European Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 486–518. ISBN 978-03-6786-902-1.
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  63. ^ "Tartessian". Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
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  68. ^ "Vestinian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 250-100 BC.
  69. ^ "Volscian - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2023. 3rd century BC.
  70. ^ Hickey, Raymond (2023). "3.6.2 The Dialect of Forth and Bargy". The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. Oxford University Press. p. 48. After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region.
  71. ^ Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
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