List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages
This is a list of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants that are based or partially based on Indo-European languages.
Pidgins[edit]
Germanic–Slavic[edit]
English–Russian-based[edit]
- Europe
Norwegian–Russian-based[edit]
- Europe
Germanic[edit]
English-based[edit]
- Africa
- West African Pidgin English (multiple varieties) (Guinea Coast)
- Asia
- South Asia
- Butler English (India)
- Southeast Asia
- East Asia
- South Asia
- Oceania
- Australia
- Pacific Islands
- Micronesia
- Polinesia
- Melanesia
- North America
German-based[edit]
- Southwest Africa
Indo-Aryan[edit]
Assamese-based[edit]
Italic (Romance)[edit]
General Romance-based[edit]
- Mediterranean Basin
- Lingua Franca/Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Sabir, Petit Mauresque or Little Moorish) was spoken in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.
French-based[edit]
- Africa
- West Africa
- Français Tirailleur, a Pidgin language [1] spoken in West Africa by soldiers in the French Colonial Army, approximately 1850–1960.
- West Africa
- Asia
- Southeast Asia
- Tây Bồi Pidgin French, Pidgin language spoken in former French Colonies in Indochina, primarily Vietnam
- Southeast Asia
Portuguese-based[edit]
- Africa
- Central Africa
Portuguese–Spanish-based[edit]
- Europe
- Portuguese–Spanish
- Portuñol/Portunhol
- Portuguese–Spanish
Italic (Romance)–Germanic-based[edit]
French–English-based[edit]
- Africa
- Camfranglais in Cameroon (mixed Cameroonian French-English Pidgin)
Different language families-based Pidgins[edit]
Indo-European–Bantu[edit]
Afrikaans–Sotho-based[edit]
Afrikaans–Sotho–Zulu[edit]
Zulu-English-Afrikaans[edit]
Creoles[edit]
Germanic[edit]
Afrikaans-based creoles[edit]
- Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal (extinct as a creole)
- Oorlams Creole
Dutch-based creoles[edit]
- Atlantic
- Caribbean (Dutch West Indies)
- Negerhollands (extinct) (US Virgin Islands)
- South America
- Guyanas
- Berbice Creole Dutch (extinct) (Berbice river region)
- Skepi Creole Dutch (extinct) (Essequibo River region)
- Guyanas
- North America
- Mohawk Dutch (extinct)
- Negro Jersey Dutch ("Neger-Dauts" - "Negro Dutch") (extinct)
- Caribbean (Dutch West Indies)
- Asia
- Southeast Asia (Dutch East Indies)
English-based creoles[edit]
- Atlantic
- Caribbean
- Western Caribbean
- Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole English)
- Limonese Creole
- Bocas del Toro Creole (Panamanian Creole English)
- Jamaican Maroon Creole
- Belizean Creole
- Miskito Coast Creole (Nicaragua Creole English)
- San Andrés–Providencia Creole (Raizal Creole English/Islander Creole English)
- Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole English)
- Eastern Caribbean
- Northern
- Bahamian–Turks and Caicos Creole English (Lucayan Archipelago)
- Bahamian Creole
- Turks and Caicos Creole English
- Gullah language (Sea Islands Creole English)
- Bahamian–Turks and Caicos Creole English (Lucayan Archipelago)
- Southern
- Virgin Islands Creole (Netherlands Antilles Creole English)
- Crucian: Spoken on Saint Croix.
- Saint Martin Creole English: Spoken in Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Martin.
- Leeward Caribbean Creole English
- Vincentian Creole
- Grenadian Creole English
- Tobagonian Creole
- Trinidadian Creole
- Bajan Creole (Barbadian Creole English)
- Guyanese Creole
- Virgin Islands Creole (Netherlands Antilles Creole English)
- Northern
- Western Caribbean
- Europe
- Western Europe
- Middle English (disputed)
- Western Europe
- Africa
- West Africa
- Krio (Sierra Leone Creole English)
- Liberian Kreyol
- Ghanaian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
- Nigerian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
- Cameroonian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
- West Africa
- Suriname
- Sranan Tongo (Surinamese Creole English)
- Saramaccan (Saramacca–Upper Suriname regions)
- Surinamese and French Guianese Maroons
- Caribbean
- Pacific
- South East Asian
- Australia
- Pacific Islands
- Micronesia
- Polynesia
- Hawaiian Creole
- Pitkern language (Pitcairn–Norfolk)
- Tongan Creole (in Tonga)
- Melanesia
- Tok Pisin (now also a Creole language) (in Papua New Guinea)
- Fijian Creole (in Fiji)
- Pijin (now also a Creole language) (in Solomon Islands)
- Bislama (in Vanuatu)
German-based creole[edit]
- Pacific
- Melanesia
- Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German)
- Melanesia
Indo-Aryan[edit]
Assamese-based creole[edit]
Bengali-based creole[edit]
- Andaman Creole Hindi, a creole of Bengali, Hindi and Tamil
- Bishnupriya, a creole of Bengali and Manipuri
Hindi-based creole[edit]
Romani-based creole[edit]
- Cyprus
Italic (Romance)[edit]
French-based creoles[edit]
- Americas
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape[2]
- Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen, locally called Creole)
- Louisiana Creole (Kréyol la Lwizyàn, locally called Kourí-Viní and Creole), the Louisiana French Creole language. (not confuse with Louisiana French or Cajun French)
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ka[3]
- Antillean Creole is a language spoken primarily in the francophone (and some of the anglophone) Lesser Antilles, such as Martinique, Guadeloupe, Îles des Saintes, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and many other smaller islands.
- French Guianese Creole is a language spoken in French Guiana, and to a lesser degree in Suriname and Guyana.
- Karipúna French Creole, spoken in Brazil, mostly in the state of Amapá. (not confuse with Karipuna or Palikúr a native Arawakan language of Amapá State)
- Lanc-Patuá, spoken more widely in the state of Amapá, is a variety of the former, possibly the same language.
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape[2]
- Indian Ocean
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape[2] – subsumed under a common classification as Bourbonnais Creoles (Mascarene Creoles)
- Mauritian Creole, spoken in Mauritius (locally Kreol)
- Rodriguan creole, spoken on the island of Rodrigues
- Agalega creole, spoken in Agaléga Islands
- Chagossian creole, spoken by the former population of the Chagos Archipelago
- Réunion Creole, spoken in Réunion
- Seychellois Creole, spoken everywhere in the Seychelles and locally known as Kreol seselwa. It is the national language and shares official status with English and French.
- Mauritian Creole, spoken in Mauritius (locally Kreol)
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape[2] – subsumed under a common classification as Bourbonnais Creoles (Mascarene Creoles)
- Pacific Ocean
- Tayo Creole, spoken in New Caledonia
Spanish-based creoles[edit]
- Americas
- Caribbean
- Bozal Spanish (in Cuba) (possibly extinct)
- Palenquero (in a region of Caribbean coast of Colombia)
- Caribbean
- Asia
- Mindanao, Philippines
- Chavacano (Zamboangueño Creole Spanish)
- Mindanao, Philippines
Portuguese-based creoles[edit]
- Africa
- Upper Guinea Creoles
- Cape Verdean Creole: Vigorous use, Cape Verde Islands.
- Guinea-Bissau Creole: Vigorous use. Lingua franca in Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal. Growing number of speakers.
- Gulf of Guinea creoles
- Angolar: A heavy substrate of Kimbundu, spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
- Annobonese Creole (Fa d'Ambu): Vigorous use. Spoken on Annobón island, Equatorial Guinea
- Forro: Forro is becoming the language of social networks. Spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
- Principense Creole: Almost extinct. Spoken on Príncipe island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
- Tonga Portuguese (Português dos Tongas)
- Upper Guinea Creoles
- Americas
- Asia
- Indo-Portuguese creoles
- Southern Indo-Portuguese
- Sri Lankan Portuguese creole (almost extinct)
- Malabar Coast Indo-Portuguese
- Cochin Portuguese Creole (Vypin Creole) (in Kochi) (extinct)
- Cannanore Portuguese Creole (in Kannur) (almost extinct)
- Cochin Portuguese Creole (Vypin Creole) (in Kochi) (extinct)
- Coromandel Coast Indo-Portuguese
- Bengal Creole Portuguese (extinct)
- Northern Indo-Portuguese (Norteiro)
- Korlai Portuguese Creole (Kristi): spoken in Korlai, India.
- Bombay Portuguese Creole (extinct)
- Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole: spoken in Daman and Diu, India. (old decreolization)
- Southern Indo-Portuguese
- East Asian
- Southeast Asian
- Malayo-Portuguese
- Kristang (Cristão) (Malaccan Creole Portuguese): spoken in Malacca, Malaysia and emigrant communities in Singapore and Perth, Western Australia
- Mardijker Creole: by the Mardijker people of Batavia (Jakarta) = Papiá Tugu: in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, Indonesia. (extinct)
- Bidau Creole Portuguese (Timor Pidgin): in the Bidau area of Dili, East Timor. (it was also a creole) (extinct)
- Portugis (Ternateño): in the Ambon, Ternate islands and Minahasa, Indonesia. (extinct)
- Malayo-Portuguese
- Indo-Portuguese creoles
Mixed languages[edit]
Between Indo-European languages[edit]
- Balto-Slavic
- Belarusian–Russian
- Ukrainian–Russian
- Germanic
- German–Danish
- Petuh, Danish grammar and semantics with German vocabulary.
- High German–Low German (Low Saxon)
- Missingsch, Low Saxon grammar, pronunciation, pragmatics, loanwords and substrate and German vocabulary.
- Swedish–Norwegian
- German–Danish
- Indo-Aryan
- Para-Romani (Romani Ethnolects based on Indo-European languages, mainly Romani lexic with other languages grammars and variable Romani grammar features also)
- Romani–Other Indo-Iranian
- Romani–Iranian
- Romani–Persian
- Afghanistan Gorbat
- Persian Romani (mixed Romani-Persian)
- Magati
- Romani–Persian
- Romani–Iranian
- Romani–Domari–Armenian
- Romani–Balto-Slavic
- Romani–Slavic
- Romano-Serbian (mixed Romani–Serbian)
- Bohemian Romani (mixed Romani–Czech) (extinct)
- Romani–Slavic
- Romani–Germanic
- Romani–English
- Angloromani (mixed Romani–English)
- Scandoromani (mixed Romani–General Scandinavian)
- Romani–Swedish
- Romani–Danish
- Danish Rodi, Traveller Danish
- Romani–Norwegian
- Rodi language, Traveller Norwegian
- Romani–English
- Romani–Hellenic
- Romano-Greek (mixed Romani-Greek)
- Romani–Italic (Romance)
- Romani–Occitan–Iberian Romance
- Caló
- Occitan caló (Occitan: caló occitan)
- Catalan caló (Catalan: caló català)
- Spanish caló (Spanish: caló español)
- Portuguese caló (Portuguese: caló português)
- Caló
- Romani–Occitan–Iberian Romance
- Romani–Other Indo-Iranian
- Para-Romani (Romani Ethnolects based on Indo-European languages, mainly Romani lexic with other languages grammars and variable Romani grammar features also)
- Italic (Romance)
- Estremaduran–Castilian–Portuguese
- Barranquenho (Barranquian)
- Estremaduran–Castilian–Portuguese
Indo-European–Other language families[edit]
- Indo-European–Eskimo–Aleutian
- Russian–Aleutian
- Indo-European–Japanese
- English–Japanese
- Bonin English, a mix of Japanese and English Creole[40]
- English–Japanese
- Indo-European–Pama–Nyungan
- English–Warlpiri
- English–Gurindji
- Indo-European–Turkic
- Greek–Turkish
- Indo-European–Semitic
- Greek–Arabic
- Indo-European–Basque
- Romani–Basque
- Indo-European–Uralic
- Romani–Estonian
- Laiuse Romani (extinct)
- Romani–Estonian
- Indo-European–Vedda
- Sinhalese–Vedda
- Indo-European–Algic
- French–Cree
- Indo-European–Quechuan
- Spanish–Quechua
Cant languages (Cryptolects, Secret languages)[edit]
Balto-Slavic[edit]
Bulgarian-based[edit]
- Meshterski, from Bulgaria
Polish-based[edit]
Russian-based[edit]
- Fenya from Russia
- Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia
Serbo-Croatian-based[edit]
- Banjački, from Serbia
- Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia
Celtic[edit]
Irish Gaelic-based[edit]
- Shelta, from the Irish traveller community in Ireland
Scottish Gaelic-based[edit]
- Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland
Germanic[edit]
Danish-based[edit]
Dutch-based[edit]
- Bargoens, from the Netherlands
German-based[edit]
English-based[edit]
- Back slang, from London, United Kingdom
- Cockney Rhyming Slang, from London, United Kingdom
- Engsh, from Kenya
- Jejemon from the Philippines
- Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated groups of dialects used by actors, circus and fairground showmen, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).[4]
- Sheng from Kenya
- Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines
- Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom
- Tutnese, from the United States
Scots-based[edit]
- Scottish Cant a variant of Scots and Romani used by the Lowland Gypsies in Scotland, United Kingdom
Yiddish-based[edit]
- Klezmer-loshn, from Eastern Europe
Hellenic[edit]
Greek-based[edit]
Indo-Aryan[edit]
Kohistani-based[edit]
- Adurgari, from Afghanistan
Urdu-based[edit]
- Hijra Farsi, (Urdu and not Farsi-based) from South Asia, used by the hijra and kothi subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)
Italic (Romance)[edit]
French-based[edit]
Galician-based[edit]
- Barallete, from Galicia, Spain
- Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain
Italian-based[edit]
- Spasell, from Italy (Lombard language Based cant)
- Arivaresco, from Vico Pancellorum, Italy
Portuguese-based[edit]
- Cafundó (Cupópia), in Cafundó, São Paulo State
- Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil
Spanish-based[edit]
- Bron from León and Asturias, Spain
- Gacería, from Spain
- Germanía, from Spain
- Lunfardo, from Argentina and Uruguay
- Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Holm, J.A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 9780521359405. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
- ^ a b with variants ap and pe, from the koiné French progressive aspect marker àprè <après> Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[1]
- ^ from the Karipúna substratum (Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[2]
- ^ Partridge, Eric (1937) Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English