List of heads of state and government deposed by foreign power in the 20th and 21st century

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This is a list of heads of state and governments deposed by a foreign power.[1] The list is chronological.

List[edit]

Head of State or Government Country Title Deposed by Date Operation Notes Ref
Emilio Aguinaldo  Philippines President of Philippines  United States 23 March 1901 Philippine–American War [2]
Paul Kruger  South African Republic State President  United Kingdom 31 May 1902 Second Boer War The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile from 7 May 1900 onward. [3][4]
Schalk Willem Burger Acting State President
Christiaan de Wet  Orange Free State State President
Gojong of Korea  Korea Emperor  Japan 19 July 1907 Occupation of Korea [5][6][7]
Sunjong of Korea 29 August 1910
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria  Bulgaria Tsar  Serbia 30 September 1918 Vardar Offensive Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. [8][9]
 France
 United Kingdom
 Greece
 Italy
Talaat Pasha  Ottoman Empire Grand Vizier  British Empire 2 November 1918 Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. [10][11][12]
 Armenia
 France
 Italy
 Hejaz
Charles I of Austria  Austria-Hungary Emperor/
King 		 Italy 11 November 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy. [13][14]
 United Kingdom
 France
 United States
Kaiser Wilhelm II  Germany Emperor  United Kingdom 28 November 1918 Hundred Days Offensive Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. [15]
 France
 Belgium
 Canada
 Italy
 United States
Mammad Hasan Hajinski  Azerbaijan Prime Minister  Russian Soviet Republic 28 May 1920 Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan Later formed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic [16]
Simon Vratsian  Armenia Prime Minister 2 December 1920 Red Army invasion of Armenia [17]
Noe Zhordania  Georgia Prime Minister 18 March 1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia [18][19]
Haile Selassie I  Ethiopia Emperor  Fascist Italy 2 May 1936 Occupation of Ethiopia Selassie would be restored to power in the East African Campaign of World War II after a period of exile in Bath, United Kingdom. [20][21]
Kurt Schuschnigg  Austria Chancellor  Nazi Germany 11 March 1938 Anschluss [22]
Edvard Beneš  Czechoslovakia President  Nazi Germany 5 October 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia [23]
Jan Syrový Prime Minister 1 December 1938 [24]
Zog I of Albania  Albania King  Fascist Italy 7 April 1939 Occupation of Albania [25][26]
Avgustyn Voloshyn  Carpatho-Ukraine President  Hungary 18 March 1939 Annexation of Czechoslovakia [27]
Władysław Sikorski  Poland Prime Minister  Nazi Germany 28 September 1939 Invasion of Poland Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity. [28]
Władysław Raczkiewicz President
 Soviet Union [29]
 Slovakia
Kārlis Ulmanis  Latvia President  Soviet Union July 21, 1940 Occupation of the Baltic states [30]
Antanas Smetona  Lithuania President [31]
Konstantin Päts  Estonia Prime Minister [32]
Jüri Uluots President [33]
Johan Nygaardsvold  Norway Prime Minister  Nazi Germany 9 April 1940 Operation Weserübung Prime Minister Nygaardsvold and King Haakon VII would continue to lead the Norwegian government-in-exile, and would be restored to power after the Liberation of Finnmark and Operation Doomsday. [34][35]
Haakon VII King
Charlotte  Luxembourg Grand Duchess  Nazi Germany 10 May 1940 Occupation of Luxembourg Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prime Minister Dupong continued to lead the Luxembourg government in exile in 27 Wilton Crescent in London, and would be restored at the end of the war. [36]
Pierre Dupong Prime Minister
Dirk Jan de Geer  Netherlands Prime Minister  Nazi Germany 15 May 1940 Occupation of the Netherlands Prime Minister Jan de Geer and Queen Wilhelmina lead the Dutch government in exile in London and would be restored at the end of the war. [37][38]
Wilhelmina Queen
Hubert Pierlot  Belgium Prime Minister  Nazi Germany 24 May 1940 Invasion of Belgium Prime Minister Pierlot continued to lead the Belgian government in exile in Eaton Square, London, and would be restored by the liberation of Belgium. [39]
Albert Lebrun  French Third Republic President  Nazi Germany 22 June 1940 Battle of France [40][41]
Paul Reynaud Prime Minister  Fascist Italy
Emmanouil Tsouderos  Greece Prime Minister  Nazi Germany 24 May 1941 Occupation of Greece King George II continued to be recognized by the Greek government-in-exile, and was restored to power after the withdrawal of the Germans, the Greek Civil War, and the 1946 referendum restoring the monarchy. [42][43]
George II King  Fascist Italy
Rashid Ali al-Gaylani  Iraq Prime Minister  United Kingdom 2 May 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War [44][45]
Peter II Kingdom of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia King  Nazi Germany 13 April 1941 Occupation of Yugoslavia King Peter II would continue to lead the Yugoslav government-in-exile headquartered at Claridge's Hotel, London, but would be prevented from returning due to the Allies' recognition of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. [46][47]
Dušan Simović Prime Minister  Fascist Italy
Reza Shah Pahlavi  Iran Shah  Soviet Union 16 September 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would come to power after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. [48][49]
 United Kingdom
 Australia
Philippe Pétain  Vichy France Chief of State  United States June–July 1944 Operation Overlord Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison.

Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed.

[50][51][52][53]
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Poland
 Australia
Pierre Laval Prime Minister  New Zealand
 Greece
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
Konstantin Muraviev  Bulgaria Prime Minister  Soviet Union 9 September 1944 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état Muraviev was only in charge of the country for a week, from the 2 to 9 September and despite trying to cu ties with the Axis, he stopped short of declaring war on Germany until after the 5th, when the USSR used this as a reason to declare war on Bulgaria and install their own government. [54][55]
Miklós Horthy  Hungary Regent  Nazi Germany 15 October 1944 Operation Panzerfaust After receiving word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS to capture Horthy and topple his government [56][57]
Benito Mussolini  Italian Social Republic Duce  United States 1 May 1945 Italian Campaign Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio. [58][59]
 United Kingdom
 France
 Canada
Ferenc Szálasi  Hungary Leader of the Nation  Soviet Union 7 May 1945 Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive [60][61]
 Bulgaria
 Yugoslavia
Ante Pavelić  Croatia Poglavnik  Soviet Union 7 May 1945 Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive After the capitulation of Germany, Pavelić fled first to Italy and then to South America, where he lived until 1957, when he was shot several times by a Serbian patriot. He moved to Spain, where he lived a couple of years later due to the wounds from the assassination attempt [62][63]
Karl Dönitz  Nazi Germany President  United States 8 May 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal [64][65][66][67]
 United Kingdom
 France
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg
 Norway
 Denmark
 Soviet Union Eastern Front
 Poland
 Czechoslovakia
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Yugoslavia
 Finland Lapland War
Vidkun Quisling  Norway Minister President  Soviet Union 9 May 1945 Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive Quisling had served as a puppet head of state under the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. As the Allies were advancing through Norway, Quisling surrendered himself in to the police and was later tried and executed. The word "quisling" became a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages since his death [68][69]
 Finland
 United Kingdom Operation Doomsday
Aisin-Gioro Puyi  Manchukuo Emperor  Soviet Union 15 August 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria The Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo capitulated five days after the Japanese surrender, with Pu Yi imprisoned first by the Soviet and then handed over to China, where he was released in 1959 following a general amnesty.

Zhang Jinghui was similarly handed over to China in 1950, dying in prison in 1959, while Demchugdongrub fled to Mongolia before being handed to the Chinese and released 13 years later

[70][71][72]
Zhang Jinghui Prime Minister
Demchugdongrub  Mengjiang Chairman of the Military Government
Michael I of Romania  Romania King  Soviet Union 30 December 1947 Soviet occupation of Romania Michael was forced to abdicate by Soviet occupation forces and the Romanian Communist Party and left the country. He settled in Switzerland before being allowed back in Romania in 1997 [73][74]
Edvard Beneš  Third Czechoslovak Republic President  Soviet Union 12 February 1948 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Already ill, Beneš died a few months after the coup [75][76]
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII  Hyderabad State Nizam  India 17 September 1948 Operation Polo Occurred when Hyderabad, a former princely state in British India, attempted to remain independent during the political integration of India. [77][78][79]
Mohammad Mosaddegh  Iran Prime Minister  United Kingdom 19 August 1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état Mosaddegh was removed from power during a coup meant to strengthen the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, orchestrated by the United Kingdom and the United States [80][81]
 United States
Imre Nagy  Hungary Chairman of the Council of Ministers  Soviet Union 4 November 1956 Hungarian Revolution The outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution saw Nagy elevated to the position of Prime Minister on 24 October 1956, being removed by the invading Red Army just ten days later. In June of the same year he was tried and executed for treason [82][83]
Tenzin Gyatso  Tibet Dalai Lama  China 30 March 1959 Tibetan uprising Following the unsuccessful uprising of 1959, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee to India, where set up a government-in-exile [84][85]
Francisco Caamaño  Dominican Republic President  United States 3 September 1965 U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Caamaño was one of the leaders in the movement to restore the democratically elected president Juan Bosch, who had been overthrown in a military coup d'état in September, 1963. He briefly became President before being removed by an invasion launched by the United States, who were fearing another Communist state in the Caribbean [86][87]
Alexander Dubček  Czechoslovakia Chairman of the Federal Assembly  Soviet Union 21 August 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 [88][89]
 Poland
 Hungary
 Bulgaria
 East Germany
Philip Effiong  Biafra President  Nigeria 12 January 1970 Nigerian Civil War Effiong was only head of state for four days before surrendering to Nigeria. Biafra never received diplomatic recognition from the international community. [90][91]
Makarios III  Cyprus President  Greece 15 July 1974 Cypriot coup d'état The coup was arranged by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the Cypriot National Guard and the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. The plotters ousted President Makarios III and replaced him with pro-Enosis (Greek irridentist) nationalist Nikos Sampson as dictator. The Sampson regime was described as a puppet state, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece [92][93]
Dương Văn Minh  South Vietnam President  North Vietnam 30 April 1975 Fall of Saigon The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam [94][95][96]
Vũ Văn Mẫu Prime Minister
Francisco Xavier do Amaral  East Timor President  Indonesia 7 December 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor Occurred several days after East Timor gained independence from the Portuguese colonial empire. [97][98][99]
Pol Pot Kampuchea Prime Minister  Vietnam 7 January 1979 Cambodian–Vietnamese War Pol Pot was removed from office by the Vietnamese invasion, but he remained leader of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea until 1981 and General Secretary of the Khmer Rouge until 1985. [100][101][102]
Khieu Samphan President of the State Presidium
Idi Amin  Uganda President  Tanzania 11 April 1979 Fall of Kampala Amin's reign came to an end when he was ousted by an invading force consisting on Tanzanian troops and the Ugandan National Libation Front recruited from among Ugandan exiles [103][104]
Jean-Bédel Bokassa  Central African Empire Emperor  France 20 September 1979 Operation Barracuda Emperor Bokassa I was removed during bloodless coup orchestrated by David Dacko and supported by France while Bokassa was abroad in Libya [105][106]
Hafizullah Amin Afghanistan Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council  Soviet Union 27 December 1979 Operation Storm-333 After just three months in office, Amin was removed by a Russian-backed coup and was soon after killed by Soviet troops [107][108]
Rex Hunt  Falkland Islands Governor  Argentina 2 April 1982 Occupation of the Falkland Islands Hunt surrendered after the islands were overrun and was restored after Argentina was defeated by Britain in the Falklands War. [109][110]
Hudson Austin  Grenada Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council  United States 25 October 1983 Operation Urgent Fury General Austin was in charge of the coup that ousted and executed prime minister Maurice Bishop. Just six days later the United States army invaded and swiftly removed Austin from power [111][112]
Manuel Noriega  Panama Maximum Leader of National Liberation 20 December 1989 Operation Just Cause In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling, and money laundering. Following the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, he was captured and flown to the United States, where he was tried on the Miami indictment. [113][114]
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah  Kuwait Emir  Iraq 2 August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait Emir Jaber and Prime Minister Saad continued to lead the Kuwaiti Government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, and were restored by after a U.S.-lead coalition defeated Iraq in the Gulf War. [115][116]
Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah Prime Minister
Raoul Cédras  Haiti Leader of the Military Junta  United States 10 October 1994 Operation Uphold Democracy Cédras surrendered before the planned invasion actually commenced. [117][118]
 Argentina
 Poland
Mullah Omar  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Leader  United States 13 November 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013. [119][120]
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Australia
Saddam Hussein  Iraq President  United States 29 April 2003 Invasion of Iraq Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006. [121][122][123]
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Poland
Muammar Gaddafi  Libya Leader  NATO 20 October 2011 Operation Unified Protector Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. [124][125][126]
 Jordan 2011 military intervention in Libya
 Qatar
 Sweden
 United Arab Emirates
Yahya Jammeh  Gambia President  Senegal 21 January 2017 ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. [127]
 Nigeria
 Ghana
 Mali
 Togo

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