Kiril Peychinovich

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Kiril Peychinovich
Кирил Пейчинович
Кирил Пејчиновиќ
Kiril Pejčinovikj
Bornc. 1771
Tearce, Ottoman Empire
Died(1845-03-07)7 March 1845
Lešok, Ottoman Empire
Pen name"Tetoec"
OccupationCleric and writer
GenreReligion
Notable worksOgledalo and Utešenie Grešnim

Kiril Peychinovich or Kiril Pejčinović (Bulgarian: Кирил Пейчинович, Serbian: Кирил Пејчиновић, Macedonian: Кирил Пејчиновиќ, Church Slavonic: Күриллъ Пейчиновићь; c. 1770 – 7 March 1845) was a Bulgarian cleric, writer and enlightener, one of the first supporters of the use of modern Bulgarian (as opposed to Church Slavonic), and one of the early figures of the Bulgarian National Revival.[1][2]

Biography[edit]

Portrait of Kiril Peychinovich
Tomb of Kiril Peychinovich

Early life and Mount Athos[edit]

Peychinovich was born in the large Polog village of Tearce in the Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia). His secular name is unknown. According to his tombstone, he received his primary education in the village of Lešok (Лешок). Probably he later studied at the Monastery of St. John Bigorski near Debar. His father, Peychin, sold his property in Tearce and, together with his brother and his son, moved to the monastery of Hilandar in Mount Athos where the three became monks. Peychin accepted the name Pimen, his brother — Dalmant, and his son — Kiril (Cyril). Later Peychinovich returned to Tetovo from there set out for the Kičevo Monastery of the Holy Immaculate Theotokos, where he became a hieromonk.

Hegumen of Marko's Monastery[edit]

Since 1801 Peychinovich was the hegumen of Marko's Monastery of Saint Demetrius near Skopje. Located in the region of Torbešija (Торбешия or Торбешија) along the valley of the Markova Reka (Marko's River) among Torbesh, Turkish and Albanian villages, the monastery was in a miserable condition before Peychinovich's arrival. Almost all buildings except for the primary church had been destroyed. Through the course of 17 years until 1798 Peychinovich made serious efforts to revive the monastery, paying particular attention to the reconstruction and expansion of the monastical library.

In Marko's Monastery Kiril Peychinovich compiled one of his best-known works, Kniga Siya Zovomaya Ogledalo, printed in 1816 in Budapest.

Hegumen of the Lešok Monastery[edit]

It is not known why Peychinovich left Marko's Monastery, but according to the legend, a conflict between him and the Greek metropolitan of Skopje was the reason for his departure. In 1818 Peychinovich once again travelled to Mount Athos to see his father and uncle, and then became hegumen of the Monastery of Saint Athanasius (destroyed in 1710 by Janissaries) near the Polog village of Lešok in the proximity of his native Tearce. With the aid of the local Bulgarians Peychinovich restored the Lešok Monastery, which had been abandoned for 100 years. Peychinovich devoted himself to a considerable amount of preacher's, literary and educational work. He opened a school and tried to establish a printing press, convinced of the printed book's importance. Peychinovich later helped Teodosiy Sinaitski (Теодосий Синаитски) restore his printing press in Thessaloniki which had been burnt down in 1839. In 1840 Theodosius issued Peychinovich's second book, Kniga Glagolemaya Uteshenie Greshnim. Kiril Peychinovich died on 12 March 1845 in the Lešok Monastery and was buried in the churchyard.

Works[edit]

Kiril Peychinovich is the author of three books, two printed and one manuscript (Zhitie i Sluzhba na Tsar Lazar), all three devoted to religion.

Ogledalo's title page

Ogledalo[edit]

Ogledalo ("Mirror") has a form of a sermon with a liturgical-ascetical character. It is an original work, inspired by the Kolivari (also called Filokalist) movement on Mount Athos, that was fighting for a liturgical renewal within the Eastern Orthodox Church on the Balkans. For this aim the Kolivari were using the spoken language of the people, according to the region where they were translating and writing. The most important topics of the work are: the significance of the liturgical life, the preparation for the Holy Communion, the regularly receiving of the Holy Communion. Especially important is his argumentation against the superstition and on the importance of the individual ascetic life and the participation in the liturgical life of the Church. In addition, a collection of Christian prayers and instructions, some of which were written by him were added in the end of the work.[3][4][5]

According to the book's title page, it was written in the 'most common and illiterary Bulgarian language of Lower Moesia' ('препростейшим и некнижним язиком Болгарским долния Мисии').[6][7] It was printed in 1816 in Budapest.

Utesheniе Greshnim[edit]

Peychinovich's second book, Utesheniе Greshnim ("Solace of the sinner"), much like his first, is a Christian collection of instructions — including advice on how weddings should be organized and how those who had sinned should be consoled, as well as a number of instructive tales.

Utesheniе Greshnim's title page
Foreword to Peychinovich's Utesheniya Greshnim

Utesheniе Greshnim was ready to be printed in 1831, as specified by him in a note in the original manuscript. It was sent to Belgrade to be printed, but this did not happen for an unknown reason, and it had to be printed in Thessaloniki nine years later, in 1840, by Theodosius of Sinai. During the printing Theodosius substituted Peychinovich's original introduction with his own one, but still preserved the text that referred to the language of the work as the 'common Bulgarian language of Lower Moesia, of Skopje and Tetovo' (простїй Ѧзыкъ болгарский долнїѦ Мүссїи Скопсский и Тетовский).

Poems[edit]

In 1835 Peychinovich composed an epitaph for himself in verse.

Теарце му негово рождение
Пречиста и Хилендар пострижение
Лешок му е негоо воспитание
Под плочава негоо почивание
От негово свое отшествие
До Христово второ пришествие
Молит вас бракя негои любимия
Хотящия прочитати сия
Да речете Бог да би го простил
Зере у гроб цръвите ги гостил

Овде лежи Кирилово тело
У манастир и у Лешок село
Да Бог за доброе дело.[needs translation]

Legacy[edit]

In 1934 the village of Burumli in Ruse Province, Bulgaria, was renamed Peychinovo in honour of him. He is considered an ethnic Macedonian and one of the earliest contributors to modern Macedonian literature in North Macedonia.[8][9][10] In October 2022 he was canonized by the Macedonian Orthodox Church as a saint under the name Kiril Lešočki.[11]

References and notes[edit]

  1. ^ James Franklin Clarke, Dennis P. Hupchick - "The pen and the sword: studies in Bulgarian history", Columbia University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-88033-149-6, p. 221. "Peichinovich of Tetovo, Macedonia, author of one of the first Bulgarian books."
  2. ^ The Bulgarian-Macedonian Divergence. An attempted Elucidation, in Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans. Convergence vs. Divergence (Raymond Detrez & Pieter Plas eds.), Bruxelles etc., Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 165-193; ISBN 90-5201-297-0, p. 178.
  3. ^ Милан Ѓорѓевиќ, Агиоритското просветителство на преподобен Кирил Пејчиновиќ I (The Hagioretic Enlightenment of Venerable Kiril Pejcinovic), study, in: “Премин”, бр. 41-42, Скопје 2007
  4. ^ Милан Ѓорѓевиќ, Агиоритското просветителство на преподобен Кирил Пејчиновиќ II (The Hagioretic Enlightenment of Venerable Kiril Pejcinovic), study, in: “Премин”, бр. 43-44, Скопје 2007
  5. ^ Милан Ѓорѓевиќ, Верска VS граѓанска просвета. Прилог кон разрешувањето на еден научен парадокс, in: Православна Светлина, бр. 12, Јануар 2010
  6. ^ Chris Kostov (2010) Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 58. (...Kiril Peychinovich (1771-1845), born near Tetovo, Vardar Macedonia referred to Macedonia as "Lower Moesia" in his book Ogledalo [Mirror], published in Budapest, in 1816. Peychinovich, as well as Grigor Parlichev (1830-1893) from Ohrid and Neofit Rilski (1793-1881) from Bansko, who wrote the first Bulgarian grammar, insisted on the introduction of a literary Bulgarian language based on the 19th century spoken language, which they called "simple" or "common Bulgarian"...)
  7. ^ Janette Sampimon (2006) Becoming Bulgarian: The Articulation of Bulgarian Identity in the Nineteenth Century in Its International Context: an Intellectual History, Pegasus, ISBN 9061433118, p. 10. "Indeed most of the Bulgarians in Buda and Pešt, who were seen as part of the Serb community there, were adherents of this idea. Kiril Pejčinovič, for example, mentioned on the title page of his book Ogledalo (Mirror, 1816), published in Buda, that the book was written in simple Bulgarian, as opposed to the literary, archaic, version..."
  8. ^ Victor Friedman, The modern Macedonian standard language and its relation to modern Macedonian identity, East European Monographs, Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 177–178.
  9. ^ Блаже Конески, Граматика на македонскиот литературен jазик, Култура, Скопје, 1967, p. 30.
  10. ^ Teodosij Sinaitski, Konstantin Kajdamov, Dojran, 1994
  11. ^ "Canonization of the new Macedonian saint Kiril Lesochki". Sloboden Pečat. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-18.

External links[edit]

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