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The conceptual idea of humans encountering an extraterrestrial intelligence for the first time dates back to the second century AD, where it is presented in the novel A True Story by Lucian of Samosata.[3] The first notable example of intelligent aliens contacting Humanity is The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, in which Martians mount a global invasion of Earth.[4]
Throughout the 1950s, stories involving first contact were common in the United States, and typically involved conflict. Professor of Communication Victoria O'Donnell presented a detailed overview of the Hollywood science fiction films of the era. She writes that these films "presented indirect expressions of anxiety about the possibility of a nuclear holocaust or a Communist invasion of America. These fears were expressed in various guises, such as aliens using mind control, monstrous mutants unleashed by radioactive fallout, radiation's terrible effects on human life, and scientists obsessed with dangerous experiments." Most films of this kind have an optimistic ending. She reviewed four major topics in these films: (1) Extraterrestrial travel, (2) Alien invasion and infiltration, (3) Mutants, metamorphosis, and resurrection of extinct species, and (4) Near annihilation or the end of the Earth[5].[6]
The 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still was one of the first works to portray first contact as an overall beneficial event.[7] While the character of Klaatu is primarily concerned with preventing conflicts spreading from Earth, the film warns of the dangers of nuclear war.[8][9]
Due to the broad definition of first contact, there are many variations of the methods that result in first contact and the nature of the subsequent interaction.[10] As a plot device, first contact is frequently used to explore a variety of themes.[1]
1960s: The Star Trek television franchise explored the theme in depth and introduced the concept of the Federation'sPrime Directive— a law forbidding first contact (or covert interference) with any races not sufficiently advanced for such an encounter, using capability for faster-than-light travel as the basic benchmark for first contact. The movie Star Trek: First Contact depicts humanity's first contact with an alien culture, the Vulcan race, in Bozeman, Montana on 5 April 2063, after the passing Vulcans' attention is attracted by the detection of the energy signature from scientist Zefram Cochrane launching humanity's first warp flight. In the Star Trek: Enterprise episode Carbon Creek, it is revealed that Vulcans first made contact with humans in Carbon Creek, Pennsylvania in 1957, without revealing themselves as aliens. A Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "First Contact" explored the scenario from the opposite viewpoint when a Human, William Riker, is injured on an alien world while disguised as an inhabitant of the planet's civilization (which had no previous knowledge of extraterrestrials). Another notable depiction of first contact in Star Trek: The Next Generation is the episode "Darmok" where humanity (in this case the United Federation of Planets) makes first contact with a race called the Tamarians, a species that exclusively communicates with metaphors.
A major theme of a number of works of Stanisław Lem, the most well known being Solaris (while his most thorough examination can be found in His Master's Voice), is the inherent impossibility of meaningful communication with alien races.[12]
1969: All Judgment Fled by James White features the political and psychological stresses imposed by first contact when a six-man team of astronauts is sent to investigate an alien ship that has taken up an orbit near Mars. It has been cited by the science fiction author and editor Mike Resnick as a particularly notable contribution to the type.[13]
1972: The novel The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov explores simultaneously the potential unity of all races, and the possibility of conflict inherent in all first contacts: even as members of different races understand each other, their disparate ways may endanger both their worlds, even the fabric of their respective universes. This gap between individuals and their respective societies is characteristic of the First Contact plot of E.T. Other explorations of the theme in popular culture include encounters with predatory or semi-sentient races as in Alien and Independence Day.
1974: Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's The Mote in God's Eye was written to be, in Niven's words, "the epitome of first contact novels". Here it is humanity that plays the role of visiting aliens, as the religious, technological, political, psychological, military, cultural, and biological implications of first contact are explored.
The theme of first contact, ranging from friendly collaboration to menace or conflict, has been visualized a number of films and television series. Among the more famous are Steven Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind and the television series V.
1980s: By contrast, in the works of Iain M. Banks, the Contact division of the galactic civilization calling itself the Culture (which features in the majority of Banks' science fiction) frequently manipulates less advanced civilizations, steering them towards peaceful progress, especially those that may become aggressive or dangerous, under the pretext of maintaining the balance of galactic power; a notable exception being the short story The State of the Art, in which the Culture decides not to contact Earth so they can use it as a control against which they can measure their manipulations of other societies. Novels such as The Player of Games and Look to Windward delve into the psychology of first inter-species contact in considerable depth. In the novel Excession, Banks coins the phrase Outside Context Problem in relation to first contact.[citation needed]
1980s: Gary Larson occasionally used a humorous version of the theme in his The Far Side comics, such as showing an alien falling down the steps of a flying saucer, thereby ruining a dramatic entrance.
1990s: Examples of the mutual inscrutability and the potentially unbridgeable gaps between races which—by their very natures—are just too different to bond or even to accept each other, include Stephen Baxter's Xeelee Sequence concept of the dark matter photino birds, the god-like Firstborn from Arthur C. Clarke's Time Odyssey series, and Stanisław Lem's planet Solaris and the events of the novel Fiasco. In other cases, such as Greg Bear's The Forge of God and Anvil of Stars, or Bruce Sterling's Schismatrix, aliens are presented as falling into a highly diverse spectrum, some easily relating with humans, others too alien for meaningful communication.
1996: The Sparrow by anthropology-trained Mary Doria Russell draws parallels with early Jesuit explorations and the philosophical or religious ethics which surround first contact
In the novel Halo: Contact Harvest, humanity's first contact with aliens is on a human agricultural colony, where an initially peaceful meeting (although preceded by aliens walking into an anti-insurgent trap set up human military) with an alien alliance known as the Covenant turns violent, eventually resulting in a 27-year war.
The backstory of Mass Effect features the First Contact War, caused by an alien military patrol observing a human ship, which was unknowingly breaching galaxy-wide conventions, attacking it and occupying a seemingly poorly defended colony, only to learn of humanity's military prowess in a swift counterattack. The conflict was quickly smothered by the galactic community, but the reputation and bitterness persist until the events of the games.
^Wolfe, Lisa Reynolds (14 September 2023). "The Scary Cold War: 1950s Science Fiction Films". Cold War Studies. Retrieved 22 April 2024. (mostly based on O'Donnell's article, augmented with links to Amazon Prime Video)
^Science Fiction After 1900: From the Steam Man to the Stars, by Brooks Landon, p. 81
^Ann Weinstone (July 1994). "Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris"". Science Fiction Studies. 21 (2). SF-TH Inc: 173–190. JSTOR4240332."Lem's critique of colonialism, as he broadly defines it,9 is articulated by
Snow, one of the other scientists on the space station, who says in the book's
most frequently quoted passage:
We are humanitarian and chivalrous; we don't want to enslave other races, we
simply want to bequeath them our values and take over their heritage in exchange.
We think of ourselves as the Knights of the Holy Contact. This is another lie. We
are only seeking Man. We have no need of other worlds. We need mirrors. (§6:72)"
^Resnick, Mike. "Introduction from The White Papers". sectorgeneral.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial Encounters" by Ronald Story (2001) ISBN0-451-20424-7 (It was the result of a collaborative Extraterrestrial Encyclopedia Project (ETEP); excerpts onlineArchived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine)
