Fiat 15

Fiat 15
Fiat 15
	FIAT 15 Ter (1911-1920)
Overview
Manufacturer	Fiat Veicoli Industriali
Also called	Fiat Tipo 15
Production	1911 - 1922
Designer	Carlo Cavalli
Body and chassis
Class	Truck
Powertrain
Engine	Fiat Brevetti 15/20; Fiat 53A;
Dimensions
Length	4,545 to 4,750 mm (178.9 to 187.0 in)
Width	1,740 mm (69 in)
Height	2,650 to 2,700 mm (104 to 106 in)
Chronology
Predecessor	Fiat 28-40 HP
Successor	Fiat 502, Fiat 18, SPA 25C

The Fiat Tipo 15 is a light military truck produced by Fiat Veicoli Industriali. Introduced in 1911, the Tipo 15 was used by the Royal Italian Army in the Italo-Turkish War and in the First World War.^[1]^{[additional citation(s) needed]} It was also produced in the Soviet Union as the AMO F-15.^[2]^[3]

Creation and design[edit]

In 1909, the Royal Italian Army requested a light multi-role truck to transport personnel and materials. Designed by Carlo Cavalli, the Fiat Veicoli Industriali presented the Fiat 15.^[4] This new model inaugurates a technical novelty on this type of vehicle: the fuel pump replacing a gravity feed.

The truck entered military service in 1911 as the Fiat 15 bis and was heavily utilized in the Italo-Turkish War. It was nicknamed "Libya", because it was intended for use in this colony.^[1] Subsequently, in 1913, the Fiat 15 Ter, equipped with a more powerful engine, was introduced.

During the First World War, its production for the armed forces was joined by that of the Fiat 18.^[4]

The chassis of the civilian truck was also namely used for the preparation of buses and fire engines for the civic firefighters.^{[citation needed]} From 1918, an armored car, called Fiat Terni and based on the Fiat 15 Ter truck chassis, was developed and exclusively used in Libya, earning it the name Fiat Terni-Tripoli.^[5]

Technology[edit]

The Fiat 15 chassis is mounted on four-spoke wheels, at the front and back. The engine on the Fiat 15 is a 3,053 cm³ (186.3 cu in) four-cylinder petrol Fiat Brevetti 15/20 unit, innovative at the time due to the presence of a fuel pump instead of relying on gravity feed. The Fiat 15 bis maintains the same engine, while the Fiat 15 ter is fitted with a more powerful 4,398 cm³ (268.4 cu in) Fiat 53A petrol engine^[a] and steel disc wheels.^{[citation needed]}

Military use[edit]

Italy[edit]

The Fiat 15 was the stalwart of the first motorization of the Italian armed forces and the Royal Army acquired all versions of the truck in many configurations, including ambulance, garage, and fire engine. Alongside its use as a logistic means, Italy was the first country to use the motor vehicle directly in combat.^[6]

In fact, the Fiat 15 bis was used as the basis for the construction of the armored car Fiat Arsenale,^[7] used in the Italo-Turkish war together with the Bianchi. After the Great War, the Fiat-Terni Tripoli bus was produced on the chassis of the Fiat 15 ter by the steel mills of Terni. During this campaign, the squadrons were also motorized with numerous Fiat 15 ter trucks (defined at the time as "tanks"), protected with armored metal plates and armed with three Schwarzlose machine guns with 15,000 rounds, conducted by a crew of four men.^[8]

In 1918, the Italian army counted 8,206 Fiat 15 trucks in its ranks, including 710 in sanitary version.^{[citation needed]}

France[edit]

In 1907, the French Ministry of War had decided to reserve its orders to national manufacturers only. But in October 1914, it was realized that national production could not satisfy the needs of the French Army; 2,585 vehicles were delivered by the French national manufacturers in 1914. As such, foreign designs were pursued by the French government to fulfill its remaining vehicle deficit, and the Fiat 15 and 18 trucks were supplied by Fiat to serve in the French Army throughout the First World War.^{[citation needed]}

A first order for 500 units of the Fiat 15 came through in December 1914, followed by a second order for 600 vehicles in January 1915. On 30 June 1915, there were 635 Fiat 15 trucks in service with the French Army. On 31 May 1918, 839 trucks were assigned to aviation squadrons.^{[citation needed]}

Other countries[edit]

The Fiat 15 Ter was used by several other armies during the First World War. The United Kingdom obtained 386 trucks, while the United States received only 200, despite an order for 4,000 units.^{[citation needed]}

Many copies were also delivered to Russia; 1,319 trucks were assembled at the AMO factory in Moscow between 1917 and 1919 with parts supplied by Fiat. The Fiat 15 Ter was then manufactured under license by AMO under the name of AMO F-15, with 6,285 trucks built between 1924 and 1931.^[2]^[3]

Technical features[edit]

Model	Type	Years of production	Motor type	Displacement (cm³)	Power	PTC (in tons)
Fiat 15/20 HP Base "Brevetti Tipo 2"	Frame	1909 - 1910	Fiat Brevetti 15/20	3,053 cm³ (186.3 cu in)	16 hp (12 kW)	1.2
Fiat Tipo 15	Chassis, Bus	1911 - 1912	Fiat Brevetti 15/20	3,053 cm³ (186.3 cu in)	20 hp (15 kW)	2.5
Fiat Tipo 15 bis	Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance	1912 - 1913	Fiat 15/20 HP	3,053 cm³ (186.3 cu in)	20 hp (15 kW)	3.1
Fiat Tipo 15 Ter	Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance	1913 - 1922	Fiat 53A	4,398 cm³ (268.4 cu in)	40 hp (30 kW)	3.95
Fiat Tipo 15 Ter - Military	Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance	1913 - 1922	Fiat 53A	4,398 cm³ (268.4 cu in)	36 hp (27 kW)	3.75
AMO-ZIL F-15	Manufactured in Russia under license (Fiat 15 Ter)	1924 - 1931	Fiat 53A	4,398 cm³ (268.4 cu in)	40 hp (30 kW)	4.0
Fiat Bertone Type 15 Ter	Bus	1921 - 1922	Fiat 53A	4,398 cm³ (268.4 cu in)	40 hp (30 kW)	3.95
Fiat 502F	Truck, chassis	1923 - 1926	Fiat 101	1,460 cm³ (89 cu in)	23 hp (17 kW)	2.07

The total production in Italy of the Fiat 15 Bis and 15 Ter models between 1911 and 1922 was 26,714 units. There is no data regarding the production of the civilian base version 15.^{[citation needed]}

Notes[edit]

^ The top speed increased from 35 to 40 km/h (22 to 25 mph)

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Bekele, Shiferaw; Volterra, Alessandro; Zaccaria, Massimo (2018). The First World War from Tripoli to Addis Ababa (1911-1924). Addis-Ababa: Centre français des études éthiopiennes. p. 162. ISBN 9791036523786. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (2011). Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780801461484.
^ ^a ^b Shugurov, Lev Mikhaĭlovich (1994). Avtomobili Rossii i SSSR (Klub fanatov tekhniki) (Russian ed.). Prostreks. p. 52. ISBN 5874830049.
^ ^a ^b Casarola, Maurizio (2018). Domani si va all'assalto: Protagonisti della Grande Guerra cento anni dopo (in Italian). Infinito Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6861-298-6.
^ Cappellano, Filippo; Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2018). Italian Armoured & Reconnaissance Cars 1911–45. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4728-2435-6.
^ Crow, Duncan; Icks, Robert Joseph (1 October 1976). Encyclopedia of Armoured Cars and Half-Tracks. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0890090589.
^ WWI: The First Mechanized War. AK-Interactive, S.L. p. 84.
^ Bonaiti, Emilio. "IT.CULTURA.STORIA.MILITARE ON-LINE: Articoli: Ricerche: Storia Contemporanea: La riconquista della Libia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 June 2021.