Door Peninsula

Coordinates: 44°54′N 87°18′W / 44.9°N 87.3°W / 44.9; -87.3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map of Wisconsin, highlighting the Door Peninsula.
Designations
Official nameDoor Peninsula Coastal Wetlands
CriteriaDoor County § Wetlands
Designated10 June 2014
Reference no.2218[1]

The Door Peninsula is a peninsula in eastern Wisconsin, separating the southern part of the Green Bay from Lake Michigan. The peninsula includes northern Kewaunee County, northeastern Brown County, and the mainland portion of Door County. It is on the western side of the Niagara Escarpment. Well known for its cherry and apple orchards, the Door Peninsula is a popular tourism destination. With the 1881 completion of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal, the northern half of the peninsula became an island.[2]

Limestone outcroppings of the Niagara Escarpment are visible on both shores of the peninsula, but are larger and more prominent on the Green Bay side as seen at the Bayshore Blufflands. Progressions of dunes have created much of the rest of the shoreline, especially on the east side. Flora along the shore demonstrate plant succession during periods of low lake levels. The middle of the peninsula is mostly flat. Beyond the peninsula's northern tip is a series of islands, the largest of which is Washington Island. The partially submerged ridge extends farther north, becoming the Garden Peninsula in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.[3]

History[edit]

Archaeology[edit]

Native American pottery found at the Heins Creek and Mero sites in 1960 and 1961

Paleo-Indian artifacts have been found at two sites in the town of Union and two sites in the city of Sturgeon Bay. The Cardy and Salisbury Steak sites are located about a mile from each other in the south side of the city,[4] and the Heyrman I and Boss Tavern (or Fabry Creek) sites are a quarter-mile from each other along Highway 57 in the town of Union.[5] It is thought that the Boss Tavern site was used as a base camp, while the Heyrman I site was used as a workshop area for producing stone tools and possibly also as a very brief campsite. Both sites were occupied multiple times by Paleo-Indians.[4]

A microwear analysis of the scraping tools found at the Boss Tavern site found that the tools had been used for butchering, skinning, and working with dry hides, and for scraping and smoothing wood.[4] One scraping tool resembled an adze and was used to support the hypothesis that Paleo-Indians built watercraft.[6] A layer of sand was found at the Boss Tavern site, indicating it was a beach when lake levels were higher than they are today.[7]

The tools and waste chips at the Heyrman I site suggest that the Paleo-Indians there may have been less mobile than those who resided at the Boss Tavern site.[4] Additionally, they appear less mobile the Paleo-Indians at the Cardy Site, which primarily used Moline chert[a][8] from Illinois,[9] and the group at the Salisbury Steak site, which used chert and sandstone from a variety of sources.[4]

One possible explanation for why the two sites in the town of Union featured more local stone material than the Cardy site could be from their occupants using different travel routes. The Niagara Escarpment was a local source of material to make stone tools, and because the bluffs of the escarpment stretch across the western side of the peninsula, Paleo-Indians traveling on the Green Bay side would have come across it. It has been suggested that those living at the Cardy Site may have instead traveled on the east side of the peninsula away from the bluffs. They could have arrived at the Cardy Site from an area to the east of Lake Winnebago where other Moline chert artifacts have been found.[4]

The Salisbury Steak site was used as a stone tool workshop, and appears to have been occupied later than the other three sites. The stone materials found at the site come from only a single occupation, and include local material, sandstone coming from the south or west, and chert from the Hudson Bay Lowlands in Canada. How they acquired Canadian stone is unknown, but they could have found it in a glacial deposit, traded for it, or migrated from the far north.[4]

As of 2007, seven Clovis points have been found in Door County,[10] and four Gainey points were found at the Cardy Site.[9][11] The relationship between Gainey points[b] and the more ubiquitous Clovis points[c] is being researched, but there are some similarities.[12]

Careful study of certain Paleo-Indian artifacts from western Wisconsin suggests that they were made in the Door Peninsula and carried across the state.[13] Paleo-Indian stone tools from made from stone sourced from the Door Peninsula or its immediate vicinity have been found as far west as in Trempealeau, La Crosse, Jackson, and Jackson, and Monroe counties and as far south as Dane County.[4]

Archaeological evidence shows habitation of the peninsula and its islands by several different Native American groups. Artifacts from an ancient village site at Nicolet Bay Beach date to about 400 BC. This site was occupied by various cultures until about 1300 AD.[14]

In 246 B.C (±25 years), a dog was buried in a Native American burial site on Washington Island.[15]

Etymology[edit]

The name of the peninsula and the county comes from the name of a route between Green Bay and Lake Michigan. Humans, whether Native Americans, early explorers, or American ship captains, have been well aware of the dangerous water passage that lies between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island, connecting the bay to the rest of Lake Michigan. It was named by the Native Americans and translated into French as Porte des Morts: in English, "Death's Door".

The earliest known written reference to this comes from a 1728 mention of "Cap a la Mort" ("Cape of Death") in French.[16]

The Menominee name for the peninsula was "Kenatao", meaning "cape".[17]

Potawatomi and Menominee[edit]

Further information: History of Wisconsin § Exploration and colonization

Before and during the 19th century, various Native Americans occupied the Door Peninsula and nearby islands. 17th-century French explorers made contact with various tribes in the area. In 1634, the Jean Nicolet expedition landed at Rock Island. This is considered the first visit by a European to what is now Wisconsin.[18] There are competing claims to the landing site of French explorer Jean Nicolet in 1634, who was searching for a water route through North America to Asia: Horseshoe Island, which is part of Peninsula State Park, and Red Banks, which is about 7 miles north of what is now Green Bay.[19] Nicolet is remembered in Wisconsin lore for having mistaken the Ho-Chunk Indians for Asians and celebrating, believing he had reached the Far East. Nicolet had heard long before coming that the people living along these shores were called Winnebago ("the people from the stinking water") and, perhaps erroneously, "the People of the Sea". He concluded that this name meant they were from or living near the Pacific Ocean with its aromatic salt air and that they would be a direct link to the people of China, if not from China.[20]

In 1665, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers spent the winter with the Potawatomi. Explaining his travels, Radisson reported that[21]

We embarked ourselves on the delightfullest lake of the world. I tooke notice of their Cottages & of the journeys of our navigation, for because that the country was so pleasant, so beautiful & fruitfull that it grieved me to see that the world could not discover such inticing countrys to live in. This I say because that the Europeans fight for a rock in the sea against one another, or for a sterill land and horrid country, that the people sent heere or there by the changement of the aire ingenders sicknesse and dies thereof. Contrarywise those kingdoms are so delicious[d] & under so temperat a climat, plentifull of all things, the earth bringing foorth its fruit twice a yeare, the people live long & lusty & wise in their way. What conquest would that bee att litle or no cost; what laborinth of pleasure should millions of people have, instead that millions complaine of misery & poverty! What should not men reape out of the love of God in converting the souls heere, is more to be gained to heaven then what is by differences of nothing there, should not be so many dangers committed under the pretence of religion! Why so many thoesoever are hid from us by our owne faults, by our negligence, covetousnesse, & unbeliefe. It's true, I confesse, that the accesse is difficult, but must say that we are like the Cockscombs of Paris, when first they begin to have wings, imagining that the larks will fall in their mouths roasted; but we ought [to remember] that vertue is not acquired without labour & taking great paines.

In 1669, Claude-Jean Allouez also wintered with the Potawatomi. He mentioned an area called "la Portage des Eturgeons." In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet stayed in the area about three months as part of their exploration.[24] In 1679, the party led by La Salle purchased food from a village of Potawatomi in what is now Robert La Salle County Park.[25] During the 1670s Louis André ministered to about 500 Native Americans at Rowleys Bay, where he erected a cross. The cross stood until about 1870.[26] Around 1690, Nicolas Perrot visited the Potawatomi on Washington Island. In 1720, Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix visited the area with eight experienced voyageurs.[24]

Six Jesuit rings marked with letters or symbols[27] and turquoise colored glass trade beads were found on Rock Island in remains left by Potowatomi, Odawa, and Huron-Peton-Odawa Native Americans during the 17th and 18th centuries.[28] The remains of four Native American buildings were documented at the Rock Island II Site during 1969–1973 excavations.[29]

By the end of French rule over the area in 1763, the Potawatomi had begun a move to the Detroit area, leaving the large communities in Wisconsin. Later, some Potawatomi moved back from Michigan to northern Wisconsin. Some but not all Potawatomi later left northern Wisconsin for northern Indiana and central Illinois.[30]

In 1815, Captain Talbot Chambers was falsely reported[31] to have died fighting Blackhawk Indians on Chambers Island; the island was named for him in 1816.[32] In the spring 1833, Odawa on Detroit Island were baptized during an eight day visit by Frederic Baraga.[33] During an attack in 1835, one of two fishermen squatting on Detroit Island was shot and killed along with one or more Native Americans.[34] The other fisherman was rescued by a passing boat.[35] From the 1840s to the 1880s, the Clark brothers operated a fishing camp at Whitefish Bay that employed 30 to 40 fishermen. Additionally, 200–300 Potawatomi extracted fish oil from the fish waste at the camp.[36]

Potawatomi leader Simon Onanguisse Kahquados, 1919

The Menominee ceded their claim to the Door Peninsula to the United States in the 1831 Treaty of Washington.[37] As a result of this treaty, settlers could purchase land, but many fishermen still chose to live as squatters. At the same time, the more decentralized Potawatomi were divested of their land without compensation. Some Potawatomi as late as 1845 made sure to visit and gamble with the Menominee shortly after the periodic annuity payments were issued.[38] Many emigrated to Canada because of multiple factors. One factor was invitations from Native Americans already in Canada for the Potawatomi to join them. Another was British policies to invite and encourage as much Indian emigration from the United States as possible. Even prior to their final emigration, many Potowatomis had periodically migrated into Canada to receive compensation related to their service on the British side during the War of 1812 and to pledge their continued loyalty. Another factor was a desire to avoid the harsh terms of the 1833 Treaty of Chicago, which compensated the Wisconsin Potowatomi with less than what was paid to Potowatomi from the Chicago area. Although not all Potawatomi participated in the Treaty of Chicago, it was federal policy that any who did not relocate westward as the treaty stipulated would not be compensated for their land. Additionally, some preferred the climate of the Great Lakes area over that of the Plains, and American governmental policy for the area beginning in 1837 tended towards forced rather than voluntary Indian removal.[e] Moving to Canada became a way to stay in the Great Lakes area without risking removal.[39][38]

Potawatomi leader Simon Kahquados traveled to Washington, D.C. multiple times in an attempt to get the land back. In 1906, Congress passed a law to establish a census of all Potawatomi formerly living in Wisconsin and Michigan as a first step toward compensation. The 1907 "Wooster" roll, named after the clerk who compiled it, documented 457 Potawatomi living in Wisconsin and Michigan and 1423 in Ontario. Instead of returning the land, a meager monthly payment was issued.[39] Although Kahquados was unsuccessful, he increased public awareness of Potawatomi history. In 1931, 15,000 people attended his burial in Peninsula State Park.[40]

County border adjustments[edit]

County boundaries in 1835, Michilimackinac County in blue and Brown County in yellow. The Door Peninsula is labeled as "Cape Townsend," one of its British colonial era names.[41] Other obsolete names for the peninsula include "Vermilion Point" and "Long Point."[42]

In 1818, Michilimackinac and Brown counties were formed by the Michigan territorial legislature. The border between the two ran through the peninsula at Sturgeon Bay. What is now the southern part of Door County was in Brown County, while the northern part was in Michilimackinac County.

1851 boundaries of Brown County, prior to the separation of Door County in 1851
1851 boundaries of Brown County, prior to the separation of Door County in 1851

In 1836, the northern part of Door County was taken from Michilimackinac County and added to Brown County as part of an overall border adjustment limiting Michilimackinac to areas within the soon-to-be-reduced Michigan Territory.

1852 boundaries of Door County, prior to the separation of Kewaunee County in 1852
1852 boundaries of Door County, prior to the separation of Kewaunee County in 1852

When Door County was separated off from Brown County in 1851, it included what is now Kewaunee County. Kewaunee County was separated off of Door County in 1852.[43]

Although the Door–Marinette county lines within the Wisconsin part of Green Bay were assigned to the "center of the main channel of Green Bay,"[44] not all maps drew the positions of the islands and the main channel of Green Bay correctly.[f] In particular, some once incorrectly considered Green Island in what is now the town of Peshtigo in Marinette County to be in the town of Egg Harbor in Door County.[45]

In 1923, Michigan claimed ownership of Plum, Detroit, Washington, Hog, and Rock islands in Door County, although it did not take possession of them. In 1926, the Supreme Court dismissed Michigan's claim. In doing so, the court mistakenly appeared to award islands north of Rock Island in Delta County to Wisconsin (and by extension to Door County). Door County never assumed jurisdiction over these Michigan islands, and the matter was fixed again before the Supreme Court in the 1936 Wisconsin v. Michigan decision,[46] which left governance of the islands in Door and Delta counties as they had been before the litigation.

The more tourism-dominated northern part of the peninsula was acculturated from the professional and business classes of the tourists, while the more agriculture-dominated southern remained more rural in character.[47] Due to economic, ethnic, and cultural differences between the northern and southern parts of the present-day Door County, arguments are sometimes started about the most appropriate place to draw the Door–Kewaunee line.[48]

Geography[edit]

Caves and sinkholes[edit]

Sea caves of the
Door Peninsula and Rock Island
Eagle Cave in Peninsula State Park
One of the sea caves at Rock Island State Park
Sea caves in the vicinity of Cave Point County Park and Whitefish Dunes State Park; the caves are mostly inaccessible except by boat, although there is better access by foot during years with low lake levels.

A pit cave containing the skeletal remains of both present-day and pre-Columbian animals opens at the southern base of Brussels Hill. It is the deepest known[18] pit cave and the fourth-longest known cave of any sort in Wisconsin. It was discovered by excavating three sinkholes in an extensive project.[49][50] Hundreds of sinkholes in Door County have been found and marked on an electronic map.[51] Most sinkholes on the peninsula are formed by gradual subsidence of material into the hole rather than a sudden collapse. Some are regularly filled by tilling or natural erosion, only to subside more due to meltwater or heavy rain.[52]

Many caves are found in the escarpment.[53][54] One of them, Horseshoe Bay Cave, is Wisconsin's second-longest and contains a 45-foot-high underground waterfall.[55][56][57] Horseshoe Bay Cave is home to rare invertebrates. Several tiny caves at Peninsula State Park are open and accessible to the public. Eagle Cave is larger but opens midway up the scarp face.[58]

Only one cave not formed by karst or lakeshore erosion has been discovered in Door County. It opens in the basement of a nursing home in Sturgeon Bay.[59]

High points[edit]

Door County[edit]

Structures on high points[edit]
Eagle Bluff Lighthouse was constructed in 1868 on orders from President Andrew Johnson, at a cost of $12,000. It was restored in 1964 and opened to the public; it is located in Peninsula State Park.[60]
Other high points[edit]

Kewaunee County[edit]

A comic drawn for the Door County Advocate in 1977 depicting a fish with PCBs.

Waters[edit]

For details about the size and public accessibility of interior lakes in Door County, see List of lakes of Wisconsin § Door County.

Sturgeon Bay and Little Sturgeon are considered biodiversity hotspots because they support a large number of different fish species.[67]

North of the peninsula, warm water from Green Bay flows into Lake Michigan on the surface, while at the same time, cold lakewater enters Green Bay deep underneath.[68] This is a major reason why oxygen levels in the bay are often too low.[69] In the Lower Green Bay, a counterclockwise circulation of water along the surface of the bay is thought to carry cleaner water south along the western shore, and nutrient-rich water from the Fox River north along the eastern shore. This circulation is thought to begin south of the mouth of the Oconto River on the west side. It changes direction at Pensaukee,[70] north of Long Tail Point and continues northward to Sturgeon Bay. The position of Long Tail Point marks the east-west division between the two masses of water.[71]

Walleye found in the Sturgeon Bay and Little Sturgeon area had 87% more PCBs[g] than walleye from the western side of Green Bay at the mouth of the Oconto River. This fits what is known about the distribution of PCBs which spread from industries in the Fox River Valley.[72]

Dry valleys and obsequent versus resequent streams[edit]

Dry valleys are in the western and central areas of the peninsula. Some carry water during the spring snow melt to a larger drainage or stream, but several have been found which appear unrelated to current drainage patterns. They may have been formed from melting glaciers or drainage patterns prior to the glaciers.[52]

Small obsequent streams flow from near the crest of the escarpment into Green Bay, and small resequent streams flow down the longer slope into Lake Michigan. The Kewaunee River, the Ahnapee River, Lilly Bay Creek and streams in the towns of Forestville and Clay Banks are all resequent streams.[73]

Spawning[edit]

Spawning areas and other fish habitat areas adjacent to the islands north of the Door Peninsula were mapped in 1978.[74] Lake whitefish spawn in Moonlight Bay.[75]

From 1962 to 1965, 39 smallmouth bass nests were observed in a variety of county waters. Water depth varied from 17 inches to at least five feet and possibly deeper. 27 of the nests were made on gravel or rubble, 8 were made on sand, and 4 were made on bedrock with overlaying gravel. Adult fish were observed on 14 of the nests and eggs were seen in 19 of the nests. During part of the study carp were seen stirring up the water in Little Sturgeon Bay. This kept the water extremely turbid during the entire smallmouth bass spawning period which prevented any smallmouth eggs from hatching.[76]

Brown trout were first planted in the Wisconsin side of Lake Michigan in 1966. They now spawn in Lake Michigan tributaries on the Door Peninsula. Fall runs are often limited by tributary flow. When low flow prevents runs into streams, spawning occurs along rocky lakeshores. Adults often lay eggs around docks and harbors along the peninsula, and most bays in the area have populations of brown trout.[77]

Reefs and shoals in Door County waters[edit]

Salmon[edit]

Beginning in 1964, first coho and then Chinook salmon were stocked in Lake Michigan.[80] New Chinook fingerling stocking in the spring and egg and milt collection from late September to early November primarily takes place at the Strawberry Creek Chinook Facility in southern Door County. The facility is a public attraction during stocking and collection times.[81]

In recent years there has been concern that the alewife population will not support the salmon population,[82] especially as the Chinook population has already collapsed in Lake Huron.[83]

Chinook salmon are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered fishing trips.[84] Several state record salmon have been caught out of Door County waters on the Lake Michigan side. In 1994 the state record Chinook was taken; it weighed 44 pounds, 15 ounces, and was 47.5 inches long. In 2016 the Wisconsin state record for pinook (a hybrid of the pink and Chinook salmons) was set at a weight of 9 pounds, 1.6 ounces, and 27.87 inches.[85] In 2018, Kewaunee County ranked first in the state with 26,557 Chinook salmon caught. Door County ranked second with 14,268 fish caught.[86]

Commercial and recreational fishing
Fishermen drying a net and hauling lake trout; 1940 mural in the Sturgeon Bay Post Office.
The fish tug Oliver H. Smith lifting nets in a northeast gale outside of Baileys Harbor.
Fishing tugs at Washington Island; from a postcard postmarked in 1937
"The fish that made Sturgeon Bay famous" postcard from 1908
From a 1924–25 Sturgeon Bay High School yearbook
Recreational anglers on Little Sister Bay
Ice fishing shack, Potawatomi State Park
Lake whitefish caught while ice fishing in Sturgeon Bay

Other fish[edit]

For details about suckers, see Door County, Wisconsin § Springtime.

Round gobies eat mussels off the rocky shoreline,[87] and in turn are eaten by lake trout, smallmouth bass, burbot, walleye, lake whitefish, and yellow perch.[88] In 2014 the state speargun record for the invasive round goby was taken by out of Door County waters on the Lake Michigan side. It weighed 5.0 ounces and was 8.25 inches long.[85]

Tagging studies have shown whitefish migrating from Big Bay de Noc which has less food to the plentiful waters off the peninsula.[89]

On five occasions from May through June 2017, researchers attempted to catch larval fish at the mouth of Sugar Creek using traps with green glowsticks as lures. They only caught white suckers, with the traps catching the most suckers per hour from May 15–22.[90]

Smallmouth bass in county waters off the Green Bay side have been found to migrate more than those off the Lake Michigan side or near Washington Island.[91]

In 2021, an outbreak of Largemouth Bass Virus among smallmouth bass occurred in county waters on the Green Bay side.[92] From 2007–2010, two smallmouth bass within Sturgeon Bay were found to be infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia. Each of the two bass were infected with a different variant. Both variants have only been found in the upper, but not middle or lower Great Lakes.[93]

Fishing[edit]

Remains of sturgeon, catfish, sucker, smallmouth bass, white bass, walleye, and drum left behind by Native Americans were found near North Bay in the 1960s.[94]

In 1965, strong restrictions from the Wisconsin DNR forced some commercial fishermen to change careers. Prior to that, fish were flown out to Midwestern metro areas the same day they were caught.[95] Today, lake whitefish and yellow perch are caught commercially,[96] and lake whitefish are also caught commercially by ice fishing.[97]

In 2019, anglers spent an estimated 181,342 hours fishing off the eastern shore of Door County, 222,088 hours fishing off the eastern shore of Kewaunee County, and 1,113,129 hours fishing in the entirety of Green Bay.[98] The figures document a decrease from 1990, when anglers spent an estimated 406,998 hours fishing off the eastern shore of Door County, 279,385 hours fishing off the eastern shore of Kewaunee County, and 1,245,291 hours fishing in the entirety of Green Bay.[99]

Surfing[edit]

Lake Michigan shoreline is used for lake surfing.[100] One guidebook names the shore off Cave Point County Park as the best surfing area.[35] Another water sport is windsurfing.[101]

Climate[edit]

Main article: Climate of Door County, Wisconsin
Door Peninsula
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
57
 
 
−7
−12
 
 
54
 
 
−6
−12
 
 
60
 
 
−1
−7
 
 
129
 
 
11
−2
 
 
93
 
 
16
4
 
 
85
 
 
20
12
 
 
97
 
 
24
15
 
 
78
 
 
23
14
 
 
87
 
 
20
11
 
 
129
 
 
11
6
 
 
85
 
 
2
−1
 
 
65
 
 
−4
−8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [102]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.2
 
 
19
10
 
 
2.1
 
 
21
10
 
 
2.4
 
 
30
19
 
 
5.1
 
 
52
28
 
 
3.7
 
 
61
39
 
 
3.3
 
 
68
54
 
 
3.8
 
 
75
59
 
 
3.1
 
 
73
57
 
 
3.4
 
 
68
52
 
 
5.1
 
 
52
43
 
 
3.3
 
 
36
30
 
 
2.6
 
 
25
18
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Rare snails[edit]

From 1996 to 2001, researchers identified 69 species of snails in Door County, the most out of the 22 counties in the study. Most of these were found on rock outcrop habitats. Ranking second was Brown County with 62 species. 48 species were found in Kewaunee County, ranking eighth. Slugs were found in all three counties. Peninsula State Park is home to the northernmost known population of Strobilops aenea. The species Vertigo hubrichti and Vertigo morsei are endemic to the upper Midwest. These two species had the highest occurrence frequencies along the Door and Garden Peninsulas. Door County is also home to several uncommon species from the genus Oxychilus, which is non-native and introduced from Europe. One was found near a vacation home and may have been introduced by landscape plantings. Within Door County, Brussels Hill, North Kangaroo Lake, Rock Island and the scarp face with its cool algific habitat supports populations of rare snails.[103][18] Out of 63 locations in Door County where snails were found, the most species (28) were located on a cliff in Rock Island.[104]

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ^ For more on Moline chert, see the entry on Moline chert on projectilepoints.net
  2. ^ For more on Gainey points, see the entry on Gainey points on projectilepoints.net
  3. ^ For more on Clovis points, see the entry on Clovis points on projectilepoints.net
  4. ^ This phrase was quoted by and adapted for the title of a 1969 National Geographic article.[22] Subsequently the adapted phrase was used for promotional purposes.[23]
  5. ^ See Forest County Potawatomi Community for who are descended from those chose to remain in Wisconsin despite the risk of Indian removal.
  6. ^ For an example of a map assigning Green Island to Door County, see Johnson's Map of Michigan and Wisconsin, 1863.
  7. ^ This figure came from comparing an average concentration of PCBs from the whole body of the fish.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  2. ^ Seeing The Light – Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Pierhead Light
  3. ^ The Niagara Escarpment Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Late Paleo-Indian Period Lithic Economies, Mobility, and Group Organization in Wisconsin by Ethan Adam Epstein, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, December 2016, location of the Cardy and Salisbury Steak sites: page 168 (page 182 of the pdf); use of the Boss Tavern and Heyrman I sites: page 161-2 (page 175-176 of the pdf); microwear analysis: page 169 (page 183 of the pdf); less mobility at Heyrman I site than the Boss Tavern site: pages 164 and 170 (pages 178 and 184 of the pdf); mobility of those at the Salisbury Steak site: page 168 (page 182 of the pdf); different travel routes: page 163 (page 177 of the pdf); Salisbury Steak site: page 168 (page 182 of the pdf); Door Peninsula stone carried elsewhere: pages 172–174 (pages 186–188 of the pdf)
  5. ^ Expecting the Unexpected: Archaeological Investigations at the Heyrman I Site (DR243), Door County,. Wisconsin by Toni A. Revane and John D. Richards, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee UWM Archaeological Research Laboratory, Historic Resource Management Services Report of Investigations No. 157, part of "Transportation Archaeology on the Door Peninsula: Progress and Prospects 1992 - 2004", page 10 (page 26 of the pdf) and Fabry Creek (Boss Tavern): A Multi-component Site, From First Americans to Euroamericans: Archeology and History of the Wis 57 Transportation Corridor, Wisconsin DOT and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
  6. ^ Findings Shake Theory on Early Residents\ Butchered Woolly Mammoth Bones in Southeastern Wisconsin Show People May Have Been Living Here Earlier Than Thought by Susanne Quick, Knight Ridder News Service Sep 17, 2003
  7. ^ Prehistoric agriculture in Wisconsin, Pioneer Press Wisconsin September 10, 2003
  8. ^ Midwest Archeological Conference, 49th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, October 16–19, 2003, p. 26 (p. 27 of the pdf)
  9. ^ a b Life During The End Of The Ice Age: The Cardy site could inform archaeologists about how humans dealt with a challenging environment. Archived February 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, American Archaeology Vol. 14, No. 3, Fall 2010
  10. ^ A Survey of Wisconsin Fluted Points by Thomas J. Loebel, Current Research in the Pleistocene 24:118–119
  11. ^ Older than the Egyptian pyramids, stone tools found in Sturgeon Bay go on display by Liz Welter, Green Bay Press-Gazette Aug. 14, 2018
  12. ^ Iowa's Archaeological Past by Lynn M. Alex, Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 2000, p. 50
  13. ^ Sourcing of an Unidentified Chert from Western Wisconsin Paleo-Indian Assemblages by Eric Bailey, Journal of Undergraduate Research 5, p. 255–260
  14. ^ Soucek, G. (2011). Door County Tales: Shipwrecks, Cherries and Goats on the Roof. American Chronicles. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-61423-383-1. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  15. ^ Analysis of Canis sp. remains recovered from the Richter Site (47DR80), a North Bay Phase Middle Woodland occupation on Washington Island, Wisconsin by Emily M. Epstein, Wisconsin Archaeologist, 2010
  16. ^ Death's Door: The Pursuit of a Legend" by Conan Bryant Eaton, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Bayprint, 1980 revised edition, page 22 and Survey of Submerged Cultural Resources in Northern Door County by David J. Cooper, 1988 Field Season Report. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, page 52 (page 64 of the pdf)
  17. ^ Romance of Wisconsin Place Names by Robert E. Gard and L. G. Sorden, New York: October House, Inc. 1968, page 31
  18. ^ a b c A Guide to Significant Wildlife Habitat and Natural Areas Of Door County, Wisconsin, March, 2003, by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Sturgeon Bay Service Center, p. 128, p. 52, p. 23, p. 127 and pp. 52, 83, 85, and 99 (note: pagination in the pdf is one page past the numerical pagination)
  19. ^ "History". Archived from the original on March 1, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  20. ^ "UW - Green Bay - Wisconsin's French Connections Jean Nicolet Statue". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  21. ^ Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson, being an account of his travels and experiences among the North American Indians, from 1652 to 1684. by Radisson, Pierre Esprit, ca. 1636-1710, translated by Gideon Delaplaine Scull, Boston: The Prince Society, 1885
  22. ^ Wisconsin's Door Peninsula "A Kingdom So Delicious" by William S. Ellis, National Geographic, March 1969, page 348.
  23. ^ Such as Rich flavor. Rich History., Destination Door County, Newsletter, September 2016.
  24. ^ a b Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030. Chapter 3 – Historical and Cultural Resources. Volume II, Resource Report., Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County, pp. 19–20 (pp. 4–5 of the pdf)
  25. ^ Robert LaSalle County Park kiosk historical notes
  26. ^ Liberty Grove Historical Museum, small sign engraved on the replica cross
  27. ^ Iconographic (Jesuit) Rings in European/Native Exchange by Carol I. Mason and Carol I. Kathleen L. Ehrhardt, in French Colonial History 10, 2009, a photo of one of rings together with five other rings from other sites is on p. 56 of the article (p. 2 of the pdf), p. 63 of the article (p. 9 of the pdf) associates the rings with the Pottawatomi and Ottawa, and details about each ring are described on pp. 72–73 of the article (pp. 18–19 of the pdf)
  28. ^ Stylistic and Chemical Investigation of Turquoise-Blue Glass Artifacts from the Contact Era of Wisconsin by Walder, Heather, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 38(1) Spring 2013 p. 123 (p. 5 of the pdf) For pictures of the two remelted pendents found at Rock Island and possibly of a later origin than the beads, see p. 127 (p. 19 of the pdf)
  29. ^ Mason, Ronald J. (1986). Rock Island: Historical Indian Archaeology in the Northern Lake Michigan Basin. Kent State University Press.
  30. ^ Edmunds, R. David (1988). The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (Civilization of the American Indian Series); ISBN 0-8061-2069-X
  31. ^ Forgotten Charms of Chambers Island by Patty Williamson, Peninsula Pulse, August 25th, 2017
  32. ^ Town of Gibraltar 20-Year Comprehensive Plan, chapter 2, p. 3 (p. 35 of pdf)
  33. ^ Some Missionary Activities of the Lake Superior Region of the United States by Mary Stilla Martin, M.A. Thesis, Marquette University, Page 60 (page 76 of the pdf) and The Life of Bishop Frederic Baraga Archived March 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Glenn Phillips, page 3, Bishop Baraga Association, 1997
  34. ^ Book Excerpt, Island Tales: “History and Anecdotes of Washington Island” by Jessie Miner
  35. ^ a b Exploring Door County by Craig Charles, NorthWord Press, Minoqua, Wisconsin, 1990, pages 178 (Detroit Island) and 158 (surfing)
  36. ^ Whitefish Dunes State Park History, Wisconsin DNR, January 7, 2015
  37. ^ Ceded territories map, Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC), Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology - 1896-97, Part 2 by J. W. Powell, Charles C. Royce, and Cyrus Thomas, 1899, page 728 (page 217 of the pdf)
  38. ^ a b Chapter on The Migrations: 1835–1845 in Place of refuge for all time by James A. Clifton, University of Ottawa Press, 1975, pages 65, 73, and 86–87 (pages 2, 10, and 23–24 of the pdf)
  39. ^ a b "Potawatomi Migration from Wisconsin & Michigan to Canada". Geni. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  40. ^ Kahquados, Chief Simon in Wisconsin Hometown Stories: Door County, Wisconsin Public Television (Archived August 13, 2017)
  41. ^ A Gazetteer of the Province of Upper Canada by David William Smyth, New York: Prior and Dunning, 1813
  42. ^ The American Gazetteer by Jedidiah Morse, Boston: S. Hall and Thomas & Andrews, 1797, page 584
  43. ^ Door County Board of Supervisors Comprehensive Planning Program by the Door County Board of Supervisors, Assisted by the Department of Resource Development, Chapter Three, "Development in Door County," Section "Political Boundaries," 1964, p. 49
  44. ^ Private and Local Acts Passed by the Legislature of Wisconsin, Chapter 114, Section 2, 1879, p. 113, detailing the county borders for Marinette County
  45. ^ Discovering Door County's past: a comprehensive history of the Door Peninsula in two volumes, Volume 1 by M. Marvin Lotz, Holly House Press, 1994, p. 76
  46. ^ Wisconsin: Individual County Chronologies Archived February 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries by John H. Long, Peggy Tuck Sinko, Gordon DenBoer, Douglas Knox, Emily Kelley, Laura Rico-Beck, Peter Siczewicz, and Robert Will, Chicago: The Newberry Library, 2007
  47. ^ Women in Print by James P. Danky, Wayne A. Wiegand, and Elizabeth Long, chapter A "Bouncing Babe," a "Little Bastard": Women, Print, and the Door-Kewaunee Regional Library, 1950–52 by Christine Pawley, pages 210–211 (pages 4-5 of the pdf), University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
  48. ^ Drawing Lines: Door County's Geographic Rivalries, Myles Dannhausen Jr., Door County Living – July 1st, 2011
  49. ^ Wisconsin Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists Field Trip, May 30–31, 2009, p. 85 (p. 87 of the pdf)
  50. ^ Beneath the Door Peninsula: The Story of Paradise Pit Cave by Gary K. Soule, p. 239–246, NSS News, June 1986
  51. ^ Web-Map of Door County, Wisconsin ... For All Seasons!, Door County Land Information Office, Accessed September 7th, 2019
  52. ^ a b p. 23 (p. 27 of the pdf) of Effects of Geological Processes on Environmental Quality, Door Peninsula, Wisconsin by Ronald D. Stiegliz in The Silurian Dolomite Aquifer of the Door Peninsula: Facies, Sequence Stratigraphy, Porosity, and Hydrogeology: Field Trip Guidebook (Revised Version) for the 1996 Fall Field Conference of the Great Lakes Section of the SEPM, Green Bay, Wisconsin and Pre-meeting field trip for the 1997 Meeting of the North-Central Section of the GSA, Madison Wisconsin
  53. ^ Geology and Ground Water in Door County, Wisconsin, with Emphasis on Contamination Potential in the Silurian Dolomite By M. G. Sherrill, United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2047. 1978, locations of caves are shown on Plate 1
  54. ^ Man Goes Deep To Explore, Preserve The Hidden Treasures Of Door County's Caves, by Joel Waldinger, October 14, 2014, Wisconsin Life PBS
  55. ^ Door County Coastal Byway Interpretive Master Plan Archived October 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine by Schmeeckle Reserve Interpreters, p. 36, (p. 42 of the pdf), 2014
  56. ^ Horseshoe Bay Cave tour video, August 9, 2017, Door County WI Travel Show series, YouTube, Door County Visitor Bureau
  57. ^ Door County's Legendary Horseshoe Bay Cave (Tecumseh Cave) Egg Harbor, WI by Gary K. Soule, Prepared for the Spelean History Section Series 22, July 2014
  58. ^ Wisconsin Underground: A Guide to Caves, Mines, and Tunnels in and Around the Badger State by Doris Green, Black Earth, Wisconsin: Trails Books, 2000, p. 47
  59. ^ Dorchester Cave–An Unusual Urban Discovery, NSS News, June 2010, p. 18–24 and Now it can be told - - Dorchester covers cave by Gary K. Soule, Door County Advocate, Volume 111, Number 99, February 27, 1973, page 1
  60. ^ Wardius, K.; Wardius, B. (2013). Wisconsin Lighthouses: A Photographic and Historical Guide, Revised Edition. Wisconsin Historical Society Press. pp. 100–25. ISBN 978-0-87020-610-8. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  61. ^ Resolution No. 2018-16, Door County Board of Supervisors, March 27, 2018
  62. ^ Boyer Bluff (Wisconsin), United States Lighthouse Society
  63. ^ Washington Island Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (2011-2015), Town of Washington, October 2011, page 12 (page 18 of the pdf)
  64. ^ Geology of Washington Island and its Neighbors, Door County Wisconsin by Robert R. Schrock, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters XXXII, 1940, pp. 205 and 216 (pp. 11 and 24 of the pdf)
  65. ^ Rosiere Wind Farm, Madison Gas and Electric, (Archived March 17, 2018) and "MGE Celebrates 10th Anniversary of State's First Wind Farm". Wisconsin Ag Connection. July 7, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  66. ^ PeakVisor Door County Named Mountains
  67. ^ Kovalenko, Katya E.; Johnson, Lucinda B.; Brady, Valerie J.; Ciborowski, Jan J. H.; Cooper, Matthew J.; Gathman, Joseph P.; Lamberti, Gary A.; Moerke, Ashley H.; Ruetz, Carl R.; Uzarski, Donald G. (July 2, 2019). "Hotspots and bright spots in functional and taxonomic fish diversity". Freshwater Science. 38 (3): 480–490. doi:10.1086/704713. ISSN 2161-9549.
  68. ^ Currents and Temperatures in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Journal of Great Lakes research 11(2):97–109, 1985, by page 108 (page 12 of the pdf)
  69. ^ Currents and heat fluxes induce stratification leading to hypoxia in Green Bay, Lake Michigan by H. R. Bravo, S. A. Hamidi, J. V. Klump, and J. T. Waples, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands
  70. ^ Lower Green Bay: An Evaluation Of Existing And Historical Conditions by Earl Epstein, Marc Bryans, Donald Mezei, and Dale Patterson for the Wisconsin Department Of Natural Resources, EPA-905/9-74-006 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V Enforcement Division Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program, August 1974, section on "Mixing, Dispersal and Transport of Water in Green Bay", page 61
  71. ^ Lower Green Bay: An Evaluation Of Existing And Historical Conditions by Earl Epstein, Marc Bryans, Donald Mezei, and Dale Patterson for the Wisconsin Department Of Natural Resources, EPA-905/9-74-006 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V Enforcement Division Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program, August 1974, "Summary" section, page 10
  72. ^ Association between PCBs, Liver Lesions, and Biomarker Responses in Adult Walleye (Stizostedium vitreum vitreum) Collected from Green Bay, Wisconsin by Mace G. Barron, Michael Anderson, Doug Beltman, Tracy Podrabsky, William Walsh, Dave Cacela, and Josh Lipton, April 13, 1999, Journal of Great Lakes Research 3, p. 11 (p. 12 of the pdf)
  73. ^ The river systems of Wisconsin by Loyal Durand, Jr., MA thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1925, Chapter V: The River Systems of Eastern Wisconsin, page 31
  74. ^ Figure E: Grand Traverse Islands - Fish Habitat Areas] in Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition, Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park, Door County Wisconsin by the Bureau of Environmental Impact, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, June 1978; for spawning maps of each individual species, see Atlas of the Spawning and Nursery Areas of Great Lake Fishes by Carole D. Goodyear, Thomas A. Edsall, Diane M. Ormsby Dempsey, G. David Moss, and Paul E. Polanski, Volume IV: Lake Michigan, FWS/OBS. no.82/52, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982
  75. ^ Recolonization of lake whitefish river spawning ecotypes and estimates of riverine larval production in Green Bay, Lake Michigan by Andrew L. Ransom, Christopher J. Houghton, S. Dale Hanson, Scott P. Hansen, Lydia R. Doerr, and Patrick S. Forsythe, Journal of Great Lakes Research, 12 November 2020
  76. ^ A four-year study of the smallmouth bass in the outlying waters of Door County, Wisconsin by Lawrence Wiegert, Management Report № 1 Wisconsin Conservation Department Fish Management Division, January 1966, page 9 (page 11 of the pdf)
  77. ^ Atlas of the Spawning and Nursery Areas of Great Lake Fishes by Carole D. Goodyear, Thomas A. Edsall, Diane M. Ormsby Dempsey, G. David Moss, and Paul E. Polanski, Volume IV: Lake Michigan, FWS/OBS. no.82/52, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982, page 86
  78. ^ Dunlap Reef, Web-Map of Door County, Wisconsin
  79. ^ Fisherman Shoal, Web-Map of Door County, Wisconsin
  80. ^ The Salmon Experiment: The invention of a Lake Michigan sport fishery, and what has happened since, Updated Jan 21, 2019; Posted Apr 18, 2011 By Howard Meyerson, The Grand Rapids Press
  81. ^ Chinook Salmon Program at Strawberry Creek by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, October 16, 2015, also see the brochure for the Strawberry Creek Strawberry Creek Chinook Facility, Wisconsin DNR
  82. ^ Red flags signal possible trouble for Lake Michigan salmon where chinooks are king, by Howard Meyerson, The Grand Rapids Press, Updated Jan 21, 2019; Posted Apr 17, 2011
  83. ^ Charter Captain Meeting March 12, 2015, see pp. 56–57, Archived November 1, 2019 also see Lake Huron's Chinook salmon fishery unlikely to recover due to ongoing food shortage by Jim Erickson, March 14, 2016
  84. ^ It's No Fish Tale… Charter Boat Captain Is Living His Dream by Joel Waldinger, November 5, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS
  85. ^ a b Wisconsin Record Fish List, July 2021, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (The records are current as of July 2021.)
  86. ^ Kewaunee/Door Peninsula Again Top in Chinook Harvest by Kevin Naze, Peninsula Pulse, May 1, 2019
  87. ^ Impact of Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) on Dreissenids (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis) and the Associated Macroinvertebrate Community Across an Invasion Front by Amanda Lederer, Jamie Massart, and John Janssen, Journal of Great Lakes Research 32:1–10, 2006 (also see the revision) and Impacts of the Introduced Round Goby (Apollonia melanostoma) on Dreissenids (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis) and on Macroinvertebrate Community between 2003 and 2006 in the Littoral Zone of Green Bay, Lake Michigan by Amanda M. Lederer, John Janssen, Tara Reed, and Amy Wolf, Journal of Great Lakes Research 34(690-697), 2008, pp. 690–697
  88. ^ Food web interactions among walleyes, lake whitefish, and yellow perch in Green. Bay, Lake Michigan by Lucas Koenig, MS thesis, UW-Stevens Point, August 2020, page 13
  89. ^ Lake whitefish feeding habits and condition in Lake Michigan by Kelly-Anne Fagan, Marten A. Koops, Michael T. Arts, Trent M. Sutton, and Michael Power, Advanced Limnology 63, 2008, pp. 401–410 (pp. 3 and 12 of the pdf) (Archived August 9, 2017)
  90. ^ Adult and larval fish assemblages vary among small tributary mouths of Green Bay, Lake Michigan by A.T. McReynolds, M.L. Hoff, A.A. Sikora, C.I. Nau, M.J. Pietraszek, C.M. Bartelme, M.L. Christie, S.P. Hoffman, C. Hayer, and P.S. Forsythe, Canadian Journal of Zoology, October 16, 2020, pages 5, 10 and 40 (pages 6, 11 and 41 of the pdf)
  91. ^ Genetic Structure of Smallmouth Bass in the Lake Michigan and Upper Mississippi River Drainages Relates to Habitat, Distance, and Drainage Boundaries by Peter T. Euclide, Jenna Ruzich, Scott P. Hansen, David Rowe, Troy G. Zorn, and Wesley A. Larson, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, March 22, 2020, pages 4-10
  92. ^ Virus confirmed in smallmouth bass near Door County, WBAY news, November 2, 2021
  93. ^ Evolutionary trajectory of fish Piscine novirhabdovirus (=Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) across its Laurentian Great Lakes history: Spatial and temporal diversification by Carol A. Stepien and Megan D. Niner, Ecology and Evolution, Volume 10, May 10, 2020, pages 9740–9775
  94. ^ The Inland Shore Fishery of the Northern Great Lakes: Its Development and Importance in Prehistory by Charles E. Cleland, American Antiquity 47(4), October, 1982, p. 770, (p. 11 of the pdf)
  95. ^ Memories of the Door Peninsula Archived June 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Lois Koehn, Mary Wanke, et al. Door County Historical Society, c. 1986, section on "The Past Days of Commercial Fishing" by Jenny Berumen, Jodi Terstenson, and Andy Ditewig, pages 8–9
  96. ^ WI Natural Resources Board Agenda Item #6.B. by Bradley Eggold, August 2019 webcast (Archived October 31, 2019)
  97. ^ Commercial Ice Fishing Has Door County Resident Hooked by Joel Waldinger, December 15, 2017
  98. ^ Wisconsin's 2020 Open Water Sportfishing Effort And Harvest From Lake Michigan And Green Bay by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, page 3
  99. ^ Wisconsin's 1999 open water sportfishing effort and harvest from Lake Michigan and Green Bay by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, page 9
  100. ^ Surf's Up in Door, Ryan Heise, Door County Living – August 1st, 2018
  101. ^ Carving Liquid, by Lauren Bremer, Door County Living, October 21, 2020
  102. ^ "NASA EarthData Search". NASA. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  103. ^ Terrestrial gastropod fauna of Northeastern Wisconsin and the Southern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Jeffrey C. Nekola, 2003, American Malacological Bulletin 18(1-2) (Archived January 13, 2020)
  104. ^ Terrestrial gastropod richness of carbonate cliff and associated habitats in the Great Lakes region of North America by J. C. Nekola, Malacologia 41(1), 2000, p. 246 (p. 16 of the pdf) (Archived December 21, 2018)

44°54′N 87°18′W / 44.9°N 87.3°W / 44.9; -87.3

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