Damocloid

Damocloids are a class of minor planets such as 5335 Damocles and 1996 PW that have Halley-type or long-period highly eccentric orbits typical of periodic comets such as Halley's Comet, but without showing a cometary coma or tail. David Jewitt defines a damocloid as an object with a Jupiter Tisserand invariant (T_J) of 2 or less,^[1]^[a] while Akimasa Nakamura defines this group with the following orbital elements:^[2]

q < 5.2 AU, a > 8.0 AU, and e > 0.75,
or alternatively, i > 90°

However, this definition that does not focus on Jupiter excludes objects such as (127546) 2002 XU₉₃, 2003 WG₁₆₆, and 2004 DA₆₂.^[3]

Using the Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter of 2 or less, there are currently 220 damocloid candidates as of January 2022^[update].^[4] Of these objects, 189 have orbital observation arcs greater than 30 days providing reasonably decent orbits.^[1]^[5] Their average radius is eight kilometers assuming an albedo of 0.04. The albedos of four damocloids have been measured, and they are among the darkest objects known in the Solar System.^{[citation needed]} Damocloids are reddish in color, but not as red as many Kuiper-belt objects or centaurs. Other damocloids include: 2013 BL76, 2012 DR30, (528219) 2008 KV42, (65407) 2002 RP120, and 20461 Dioretsa.

Retrograde objects such as Halley's Comet and damocloid 343158 Marsyas can have relative velocities to Earth of 81 km/s (290,000 km/h).^[6]

Origin[edit]

Damocloids are thought to be nuclei of Halley-type comets that have lost all their volatile materials due to outgassing and become dormant. Such comets probably originate from the Oort cloud. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that a number of objects thought to be damocloids (and assigned minor-planet provisional designations) subsequently showed a coma and were confirmed to be comets: C/2001 OG₁₀₈ (LONEOS), C/2002 CE₁₀ (LINEAR), C/2002 VQ₉₄ (LINEAR), C/2004 HV₆₀ (Spacewatch) and possibly others. Another strong indication of cometary origin is the fact that some damocloids have retrograde orbits, unlike any other minor planets. (Objects with an inclination beyond 90 degrees up to 180 degrees are in a retrograde orbit and orbit in the opposite direction of other objects.)

List[edit]

As of August 2021^[update] this list from the JPL SBDB contains 20 numbered and 268 unnumbered bodies that meet Akimasa Nakamura's criteria for being classified as a damocloid, that is, either a retrograde orbit, or the following orbital elements: q < 5.2 AU, a > 8.0 AU, and e > 0.75 (also see § top). Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter (T_Jupiter) is also given.^[a] Akimasa Nakamura's criteria and a T_Jupiter of less than two are largely equivalent as only a few listed bodies do not meet the defined T_Jupiter threshold. Most damocloids are also listed on MPC's list of other unusual minor planets.^[7] The orbital data is sourced from JPL-numbered and -unnumbered element files.^[8] The list includes A/-designated objects (introduced in 2017) that were mistakenly identified as a comet, but are actually minor planets. However it excludes hyperbolic bodies such as A/2019 G4 as well as 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov, two interstellar objects.

Designation	a (AU)	e	i (°)	Orbital criteria and classes				q (AU)	Q (AU)	Unusual	Catalog	Refs
Designation	a (AU)	e	i (°)	Cls	Retro	T_Jupiter^[a]	T_J ≤ 2	q (AU)	Q (AU)	Unusual	Catalog	Refs
5335 Damocles	11.85	0.866	61.6	CEN	—	1.158	Y	1.59	22.11	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(15504) 1999 RG33	9.37	0.774	35	CEN	—	1.948	Y	2.12	16.63	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
20461 Dioretsa	23.88	0.901	160.4	CEN	Y	-1.534	Y	2.37	45.39	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(65407) 2002 RP120	53.66	0.954	119.3	TNO	Y	-0.844	Y	2.46	104.86	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(154783) 2004 PA44	14.23	0.76	3.3	CEN	—	2.513	—	3.42	25.04	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(330759) 2008 SO218	8.12	0.562	170.3	CEN	Y	-1.397	Y	3.56	12.69	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(336756) 2010 NV1	278.33	0.966	140.7	TNO	Y	-2.903	Y	9.42	547.23	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(342842) 2008 YB3	11.58	0.442	105.1	CEN	Y	-0.246	Y	6.47	16.7	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
343158 Marsyas	2.53	0.807	154.4	NEO	Y	1.317	Y	0.49	4.57	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(434620) 2005 VD	6.67	0.251	172.9	CEN	Y	-1.394	Y	5	8.34	unusual	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(459870) 2014 AT28	10.9	0.401	165.5	CEN	Y	-2.090	Y	6.53	15.27	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(468861) 2013 LU28	191.63	0.954	125.3	TNO	Y	-2.069	Y	8.74	374.53	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(471325) 2011 KT19	35.7	0.33	110.2	TNO	Y	-1.560	Y	23.9	47.5	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela	5.13	0.378	163.1	other	Y	-0.745	Y	3.19	7.07	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(518151) 2016 FH13	24.54	0.615	93.6	CEN	Y	-0.005	Y	9.45	39.62	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(523797) 2016 NM56	71.46	0.853	144	TNO	Y	-3.061	Y	10.53	132.38	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(523800) 2017 KZ31	54.3	0.798	161.7	TNO	Y	-3.601	Y	10.96	97.63	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(528219) 2008 KV42	42.03	0.497	103.4	TNO	Y	-1.021	Y	21.15	62.92	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(582301) 2015 RM306	246.87	0.954	176	TNO	Y	-4.117	Y	11.46	482.29	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(585899) 2020 HM₉₈	83.6	0.841	137.9	TNO	Y	-3.151	Y	13.26	153.94	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
(612093) 1999 LE31	8.17	0.468	151.5	CEN	Y	-1.309	Y	4.35	11.99	—	LoMP	MPC · JPL
1996 PW	265.49	0.991	30.1	TNO	—	1.708	Y	2.49	528.5	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
1997 MD₁₀	26.49	0.943	59.4	CEN	—	0.960	Y	1.51	51.47	—	—	MPC · JPL
1998 QJ₁	11.24	0.815	23.7	CEN	—	2.023	—	2.08	20.41	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
1998 WU₂₄	15.13	0.907	42.5	CEN	—	1.404	Y	1.41	28.85	—	—	MPC · JPL
1999 XS35	17.77	0.948	19.5	NEO	—	1.405	Y	0.93	34.62	—	—	MPC · JPL
2000 AB₂₂₉	52.32	0.956	68.2	TNO	—	0.790	Y	2.31	102.33	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2000 DG8	10.77	0.793	129.3	CEN	Y	-0.627	Y	2.23	19.31	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2000 HE₄₆	23.66	0.9	158.6	CEN	Y	-1.510	Y	2.37	44.95	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2000 KP₆₅	90.21	0.963	45.6	TNO	—	1.630	Y	3.34	177.07	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2002 AR₉₁	75.23	0.965	17.6	TNO	—	1.965	Y	2.62	147.84	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2002 RN109	564.68	0.995	58.5	TNO	—	1.069	Y	2.67	1126.68	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2003 UY₂₈₃	33.1	0.895	18.9	TNO	—	2.283	—	3.46	62.74	—	—	MPC · JPL
2003 WN₁₈₈	14.39	0.846	26.8	CEN	—	1.946	Y	2.22	26.56	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2004 CM₁₁₁	33.28	0.849	4.7	TNO	—	2.818	—	5.02	61.55	—	—	MPC · JPL
2004 NN₈	100.43	0.977	165.6	TNO	Y	-1.781	Y	2.36	198.5	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2004 PB₅₉	10.45	0.873	4	CEN	—	1.879	Y	1.33	19.57	—	—	MPC · JPL
2004 VM₄	11.56	0.882	9.2	CEN	—	1.838	Y	1.37	21.76	—	—	MPC · JPL
2005 HL₃	11.29	0.831	35.6	CEN	—	1.794	Y	1.91	20.67	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2005 NP₈₂	5.87	0.478	130.5	CEN	Y	-0.327	Y	3.07	8.67	—	—	MPC · JPL
2005 OE	63.24	0.952	67.5	TNO	—	0.901	Y	3.05	123.43	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2005 PF₂₆	13.54	0.892	23.2	CEN	—	1.727	Y	1.47	25.61	—	—	MPC · JPL
2005 SB₂₂₃	29.41	0.905	91.5	CEN	Y	0.124	Y	2.79	56.03	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2005 TJ₅₀	9.16	0.584	110.3	CEN	Y	-0.180	Y	3.81	14.51	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2005 UH₅₂₅	17.78	0.908	14.2	CEN	—	1.797	Y	1.64	33.91	—	—	MPC · JPL
2005 VX3	838.42	0.995	112.4	TNO	Y	-0.948	Y	4.1	1672.73	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2006 BZ8	9.6	0.803	165.3	CEN	Y	-1.024	Y	1.89	17.31	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2006 BV₁₂₄	29.57	0.936	9	CEN	—	1.829	Y	1.88	57.26	—	—	MPC · JPL
2006 EX₅₂	42.12	0.939	150.2	TNO	Y	-1.571	Y	2.56	81.68	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2006 LM1	32.19	0.885	172.1	TNO	Y	-2.133	Y	3.7	60.67	—	—	MPC · JPL
2006 RG₁	25.68	0.921	133.5	CEN	Y	-0.992	Y	2.04	49.32	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2006 RJ2	9.67	0.76	164.7	CEN	Y	-1.172	Y	2.32	17.02	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2006 SO₁₃₄	19.52	0.832	4.2	CEN	—	2.409	—	3.28	35.77	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2007 BJ₆₃	8.58	0.811	11	CEN	—	2.081	—	1.62	15.54	—	—	MPC · JPL
2007 DA₆₁	445.81	0.994	76.5	TNO	—	0.484	Y	2.66	888.96	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2007 TG₂₅₀	21.29	0.926	10.6	CEN	—	1.747	Y	1.58	41	—	—	MPC · JPL
2007 VJ₂₀₀	24.35	0.941	7.2	CEN	—	1.664	Y	1.43	47.27	—	—	MPC · JPL
2007 VW₂₆₆	5.44	0.39	108.3	other	Y	0.364	Y	3.32	7.57	—	—	MPC · JPL
2008 BN₁₈	30.34	0.914	28.8	TNO	—	1.889	Y	2.61	58.07	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2008 SE₈₂	19.35	0.836	17.4	CEN	—	2.288	—	3.17	35.53	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2008 UW₄₄	5.69	0.617	96	CEN	Y	0.742	Y	2.18	9.2	—	—	MPC · JPL
2008 WA₉₅	14.01	0.878	60.2	CEN	—	1.151	Y	1.7	26.31	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2009 AU₁₆	23.54	0.917	69.9	CEN	—	0.804	Y	1.95	45.13	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2009 DD₄₇	48.87	0.954	107.4	TNO	Y	-0.440	Y	2.23	95.5	—	—	MPC · JPL
2009 FW₂₃	11.52	0.855	86.4	CEN	—	0.548	Y	1.67	21.37	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2009 KK₃₁	20.04	0.923	22.8	CEN	—	1.653	Y	1.55	38.54	—	—	MPC · JPL
2009 QY₆	12.47	0.833	137.8	CEN	Y	-0.852	Y	2.08	22.87	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2009 SE₈	13.26	0.902	18	CEN	—	1.706	Y	1.3	25.21	—	—	MPC · JPL
2009 WX₁₉₉	31.3	0.955	8.7	TNO	—	1.603	Y	1.41	61.2	—	—	MPC · JPL
2009 YS₆	20.16	0.919	147.8	CEN	Y	-1.052	Y	1.63	38.7	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 AK₁₁₁	10.7	0.792	26.2	CEN	—	2.057	—	2.22	19.17	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 BK118	378.15	0.984	143.9	TNO	Y	-2.454	Y	6.11	750.19	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 CG₅₅	31.72	0.91	146.1	TNO	Y	-1.538	Y	2.86	60.57	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 CA₁₀₀	10.96	0.88	8.1	CEN	—	1.842	Y	1.32	20.6	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 EB₄₆	31.63	0.952	156.6	TNO	Y	-1.215	Y	1.5	61.75	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 EJ₁₀₄	21.61	0.9	41.4	CEN	—	1.574	Y	2.16	41.06	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 ER₁₄₄	10.89	0.827	8.8	CEN	—	2.083	—	1.88	19.91	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 EV₁₅₉	23.07	0.927	18.6	CEN	—	1.726	Y	1.69	44.45	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 EQ₁₆₉	2.09	0.093	92	MBA	Y	2.449	—	1.89	2.28	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 EX₁₇₅	49.39	0.946	29.2	TNO	—	1.844	Y	2.65	96.14	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 GW₆₄	62.46	0.941	105.2	TNO	Y	-0.533	Y	3.69	121.23	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 GW₁₄₇	173.9	0.969	99.9	TNO	Y	-0.462	Y	5.39	342.42	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 HK₁₂₆	14.45	0.897	121.6	CEN	Y	-0.414	Y	1.5	27.4	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 JX₁₆	24.22	0.898	16.9	CEN	—	2.033	—	2.47	45.96	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 JH₁₂₄	70.08	0.963	53.4	TNO	—	1.262	Y	2.63	137.54	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 JC₁₄₇	14.6	0.762	41.6	CEN	—	1.979	Y	3.48	25.72	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 JB₁₈₄	44.84	0.932	18.7	TNO	—	2.138	—	3.07	86.62	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 JA₁₉₁	10.02	0.793	15.1	CEN	—	2.153	—	2.08	17.96	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 LG₆₁	6.28	0.783	123.8	CEN	Y	0.069	Y	1.36	11.19	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 LN₁₃₅	2169.28	0.999	64.7	TNO	—	0.699	Y	1.72	4336.84	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 MK₁₉	14.86	0.805	25.6	CEN	—	2.160	—	2.9	26.81	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 OR₁	26.98	0.924	143.9	CEN	Y	-1.219	Y	2.06	51.89	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 OU₁₀₀	17.29	0.891	15.2	CEN	—	1.901	Y	1.89	32.7	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 OM₁₀₁	26.1	0.918	118.8	CEN	Y	-0.657	Y	2.14	50.06	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 OT₁₂₈	28.67	0.903	25.8	CEN	—	1.996	Y	2.78	54.56	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 PK₁₆	18.82	0.905	27.7	CEN	—	1.711	Y	1.79	35.85	—	—	MPC · JPL
2010 PO₅₈	13.18	0.78	121.4	CEN	Y	-0.643	Y	2.9	23.46	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2010 RA₁₇	22.91	0.939	11.3	CEN	—	1.646	Y	1.4	44.41	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 BP₁₄₁	11.34	0.864	4.5	CEN	—	1.940	Y	1.54	21.15	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 FB₁₀₇	21.06	0.924	3.7	CEN	—	1.780	Y	1.6	40.52	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 GN₂₇	15.75	0.4	153.4	CEN	Y	-2.522	Y	9.45	22.06	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 MM4	21.26	0.473	100.5	CEN	Y	-0.404	Y	11.2	31.33	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 OR₁₇	288.79	0.989	110.4	TNO	Y	-0.745	Y	3.12	574.45	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2011 SP₂₅	19.58	0.884	109.3	CEN	Y	-0.334	Y	2.28	36.88	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2011 SH₂₁₀	8.1	0.798	16.2	CEN	—	2.087	—	1.64	14.56	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 UT₃₆₈	8.94	0.78	23.9	CEN	—	2.081	—	1.96	15.92	—	—	MPC · JPL
2011 UR₄₀₂	18.56	0.778	24.6	CEN	—	2.439	—	4.12	33	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2011 WS₄₁	37.66	0.945	141.6	TNO	Y	-1.239	Y	2.06	73.26	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2012 DT₄₂	45.16	0.969	1.2	TNO	—	1.582	Y	1.42	88.9	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 HD₂	62.79	0.959	146.7	TNO	Y	-1.555	Y	2.55	123.03	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2012 KA₅₁	484.17	0.99	70.9	TNO	—	0.906	Y	4.89	963.46	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2012 TF₇₂	11.14	0.864	5.3	CEN	—	1.934	Y	1.51	20.76	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 TT₇₂	9.58	0.86	5.1	CEN	—	1.920	Y	1.34	17.83	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 TQ₁₁₁	13.44	0.884	8	CEN	—	1.877	Y	1.56	25.32	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 TL₁₃₉	29.89	0.882	160	CEN	Y	-1.950	Y	3.53	56.26	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 VG₉₄	10.57	0.83	8.5	CEN	—	2.066	—	1.8	19.34	—	—	MPC · JPL
2012 YO₆	6.31	0.478	106.9	CEN	Y	0.262	Y	3.29	9.33	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2012 YE₈	9.29	0.588	136.1	CEN	Y	-0.996	Y	3.83	14.74	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2013 BN₂₇	59.15	0.974	101.8	TNO	Y	-0.225	Y	1.55	116.75	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 BL76	958.56	0.991	98.6	TNO	Y	-0.528	Y	8.37	1908.74	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 CY₁₆₇	10.31	0.848	5.9	CEN	—	1.989	Y	1.57	19.05	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 HS₁₅₀	58.04	0.951	97.1	TNO	Y	-0.164	Y	2.82	113.27	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2013 JD₄	11.99	0.863	72.9	CEN	—	0.883	Y	1.64	22.34	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 LA2	5.68	0.466	175.1	CEN	Y	-0.926	Y	3.03	8.33	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 LD₁₆	81.49	0.969	154.7	TNO	Y	-1.708	Y	2.54	160.45	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2013 LG₂₉	17.05	0.791	15.4	CEN	—	2.442	—	3.57	30.54	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2013 NS₁₁	12.58	0.786	130.4	CEN	Y	-0.831	Y	2.69	22.47	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2013 PS₂₁	11.01	0.836	11.3	CEN	—	2.039	—	1.81	20.22	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 RA₉₆	19.84	0.92	5.2	CEN	—	1.783	Y	1.58	38.1	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 SM₉₉	34.03	0.91	14.3	TNO	—	2.206	—	3.06	65	—	—	MPC · JPL
2013 YG₄₈	8.17	0.752	61.3	CEN	—	1.430	Y	2.03	14.31	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2014 CW₁₄	32.9	0.869	170.8	TNO	Y	-2.297	Y	4.31	61.48	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HM₅₉	12.72	0.886	9.6	CEN	—	1.841	Y	1.45	23.99	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HX₆₄	13.47	0.893	4.4	CEN	—	1.831	Y	1.44	25.5	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HS₆₇	8.99	0.854	6.5	CEN	—	1.938	Y	1.31	16.68	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HT₉₄	13.22	0.894	5.6	CEN	—	1.814	Y	1.4	25.03	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HJ₁₀₄	9.24	0.844	9.5	CEN	—	1.971	Y	1.44	17.04	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HU₁₁₀	10.38	0.842	6.8	CEN	—	2.013	—	1.64	19.12	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HW₁₁₃	19.98	0.928	8.8	CEN	—	1.708	Y	1.45	38.52	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 HC₁₁₄	13.16	0.889	9.8	CEN	—	1.832	Y	1.46	24.86	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 JJ₅₇	7	0.291	95.9	CEN	Y	0.514	Y	4.97	9.04	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2014 MH₅₅	44.84	0.9	92.4	TNO	Y	0.010	Y	4.5	85.18	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2014 PP₆₉	21.37	0.941	93.7	NEO	Y	0.155	Y	1.25	41.48	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 QZ₁₁₁	12.18	0.865	15.8	CEN	—	1.903	Y	1.64	22.72	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 QW₂₄₃	8.26	0.76	18.1	CEN	—	2.187	—	1.98	14.53	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 QU₂₅₀	12.33	0.867	9.1	CEN	—	1.937	Y	1.64	23.02	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 QP₄₈₂	18.81	0.918	3.8	CEN	—	1.781	Y	1.54	36.07	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 SQ₃₃₉	28.84	0.903	128.6	CEN	Y	-1.078	Y	2.79	54.89	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2014 UG₆	12.4	0.889	7.1	CEN	—	1.821	Y	1.37	23.43	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 UU₂₆	11.6	0.874	1.5	CEN	—	1.898	Y	1.46	21.75	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 UK₇₀	22.47	0.72	169.3	CEN	Y	-2.602	Y	6.29	38.64	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 UV₁₁₄	13.86	0.71	171	CEN	Y	-1.895	Y	4.02	23.7	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2014 UC₂₄₁	9.58	0.756	7.4	CEN	—	2.304	—	2.34	16.83	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 WK₃₄₆	8.37	0.841	9.2	CEN	—	1.976	Y	1.33	15.41	—	—	MPC · JPL
2014 XS₃	71.97	0.955	101.5	TNO	Y	-0.368	Y	3.26	140.67	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 AO₄₄	21.94	0.835	139.9	CEN	Y	-1.491	Y	3.62	40.26	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 AM₁₀₇	12.79	0.875	7.1	CEN	—	1.916	Y	1.61	23.97	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 BH₃₁₁	8.66	0.712	94.4	CEN	Y	0.462	Y	2.49	14.83	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 BE₃₈₄	9.35	0.808	0.3	CEN	—	2.136	—	1.8	16.91	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 BH₅₂₆	16.73	0.877	8.3	CEN	—	2.013	—	2.05	31.4	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 EV₄₅	23.96	0.928	7.2	CEN	—	1.800	Y	1.72	46.2	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 FK₃₇	456.59	0.989	156.1	TNO	Y	-2.506	Y	4.96	908.23	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 KJ₈₇	11.98	0.886	8.2	CEN	—	1.828	Y	1.37	22.58	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 RK₂₄₅	80.6	0.966	91.7	TNO	Y	0.002	Y	2.76	158.45	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 RE₂₇₇	20.2	0.764	1.6	CEN	—	2.797	—	4.76	35.64	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TP₁₀	14.21	0.902	37.9	CEN	—	1.492	Y	1.39	27.03	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TN₁₇₈	54.15	0.956	91.2	TNO	Y	0.057	Y	2.39	105.91	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TN₂₃₉	14.52	0.882	14.1	CEN	—	1.886	Y	1.72	27.32	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TM₂₄₀	8.07	0.836	10.5	CEN	—	1.989	Y	1.32	14.82	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TV₂₇₅	10.93	0.805	13.4	CEN	—	2.150	—	2.13	19.73	—	—	MPC · JPL
2015 TS₃₅₀	144.42	0.965	58	TNO	—	1.501	Y	5.05	283.78	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 XX₃₅₁	14.47	0.853	159.2	CEN	Y	-1.267	Y	2.13	26.81	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 XR₃₈₄	36.44	0.902	157.5	TNO	Y	-1.967	Y	3.57	69.32	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2015 YY₁₈	19.35	0.83	118.2	CEN	Y	-0.748	Y	3.28	35.42	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 AT₂₈₁	63.07	0.957	22.2	TNO	—	1.945	Y	2.69	123.45	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 CD₉₃	29.1	0.936	12.2	CEN	—	1.810	Y	1.87	56.32	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 CO₂₆₄	47.63	0.937	129.7	TNO	Y	-1.245	Y	3.01	92.25	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 DF₂	7.2	0.538	167.1	CEN	Y	-1.209	Y	3.32	11.07	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 EJ₂₀₃	66.61	0.959	171	TNO	Y	-1.922	Y	2.72	130.49	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 GE₅₃	10.77	0.875	0.6	CEN	—	1.877	Y	1.35	20.19	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 GF₇₀	21.02	0.935	14.1	CEN	—	1.633	Y	1.37	40.67	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 GV₈₃	23.25	0.938	11.8	CEN	—	1.657	Y	1.44	45.06	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 GE₉₃	13.78	0.918	17.2	NEO	—	1.614	Y	1.14	26.42	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 GZ₁₂₀	10.72	0.831	10.5	CEN	—	2.054	—	1.81	19.63	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 JK₂₄	13.03	0.66	152.3	CEN	Y	-1.706	Y	4.43	21.63	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 LS	13.34	0.606	114.3	CEN	Y	-0.660	Y	5.26	21.42	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 NL₁₀₀	13.9	0.76	21.9	CEN	—	2.344	—	3.33	24.46	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 PN₆₆	31.02	0.906	105.2	TNO	Y	-0.373	Y	2.9	59.13	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 SP₆	8.54	0.828	4.9	CEN	—	2.040	—	1.47	15.61	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 TK₂	9.2	0.551	92.4	CEN	Y	0.475	Y	4.13	14.27	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 TP₉₃	7.39	0.554	138.3	CEN	Y	-0.778	Y	3.3	11.49	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 US₁₀₉	35.69	0.948	87.2	TNO	—	0.226	Y	1.85	69.52	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 UA₁₄₀	3.61	0.526	117.8	MBA	Y	0.780	Y	1.71	5.51	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 UK₂₁₂	29.62	0.95	2.3	CEN	—	1.662	Y	1.48	57.77	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 UN₂₃₂	30.39	0.862	11.2	TNO	—	2.576	—	4.2	56.59	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 UN₂₃₃	24.86	0.937	1.4	CEN	—	1.741	Y	1.58	48.14	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 UG₂₄₅	8.47	0.83	2.3	CEN	—	2.036	—	1.44	15.5	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 VH₁₂	10.3	0.834	4.6	CEN	—	2.051	—	1.7	18.89	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 VY₁₇	11.15	0.85	148.5	CEN	Y	-0.847	Y	1.67	20.62	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 WS₁	14.35	0.882	53	CEN	—	1.304	Y	1.69	27	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2016 XK₃	10.29	0.81	34.4	CEN	—	1.868	Y	1.96	18.63	—	—	MPC · JPL
2016 YB₁₃	5.45	0.407	139.8	other	Y	-0.474	Y	3.24	7.67	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 AX₁₃	28.69	0.883	137.2	CEN	Y	-1.435	Y	3.35	54.03	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 BA₄₈	17.57	0.904	19.9	CEN	—	1.776	Y	1.69	33.45	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 CW₃₂	186.35	0.984	152.4	TNO	Y	-1.852	Y	2.95	369.75	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 DQ₁₀₆	24.65	0.946	11.2	CEN	—	1.596	Y	1.33	47.97	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 EM₄	33.15	0.92	83.4	TNO	—	0.383	Y	2.64	63.66	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 GD₈	43.25	0.947	74.9	TNO	—	0.603	Y	2.29	84.22	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 JB₆	32.78	0.883	160.9	TNO	Y	-2.063	Y	3.82	61.74	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 MZ₄	67.32	0.953	65.8	TNO	—	0.974	Y	3.19	131.45	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 MB7	1311.87	0.997	55.8	TNO	—	1.475	Y	4.46	2619.28	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 NM₂	14.6	0.622	101.3	CEN	Y	-0.156	Y	5.52	23.67	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 OX₆₈	58.9	0.971	94.8	TNO	Y	-0.046	Y	1.73	116.07	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 PY₂₄	17.38	0.925	71.8	CEN	—	0.733	Y	1.31	33.44	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 QO₃₃	34.55	0.857	148.8	TNO	Y	-2.121	Y	4.94	64.16	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 QW₄₆	9.02	0.801	5.1	CEN	—	2.147	—	1.79	16.25	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 RR₂	11.62	0.782	87.1	CEN	—	0.542	Y	2.53	20.71	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 SV13	9.66	0.792	113.3	CEN	Y	-0.119	Y	2.01	17.3	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 SN₃₃	239.43	0.992	152.1	TNO	Y	-1.464	Y	1.85	477.02	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 SZ₁₁₈	34.08	0.954	2.5	TNO	—	1.684	Y	1.56	66.6	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 UW₅₁	125.75	0.975	144.2	TNO	Y	-1.729	Y	3.14	248.36	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 UX₅₁	30.06	0.747	90.5	CEN	Y	0.147	Y	7.61	52.5	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 UR₅₂	317.81	0.996	108.3	NEO	Y	-0.416	Y	1.24	634.38	—	—	MPC · JPL
2017 YL₂	8.92	0.766	27.9	CEN	—	2.072	—	2.09	15.76	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2017 YL₄	152.42	0.972	89	TNO	—	0.080	Y	4.26	300.57	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 AS₁₈	12.93	0.872	63	CEN	—	1.105	Y	1.66	24.21	—	—	MPC · JPL
2018 DE₄	32	0.925	81.3	TNO	—	0.446	Y	2.39	61.62	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 DF₄	95.81	0.983	68.2	TNO	—	0.635	Y	1.6	190.02	—	—	MPC · JPL
2018 KH₃	93.93	0.961	46.9	TNO	—	1.672	Y	3.71	184.15	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 MP₈	370.07	0.99	68.3	TNO	—	0.909	Y	3.83	736.31	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 PQ₁₈	8.95	0.808	1.2	CEN	—	2.127	—	1.72	16.19	—	—	MPC · JPL
2018 PL₂₈	19.51	0.862	74.1	CEN	—	0.804	Y	2.69	36.33	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 SQ₁₃	154.08	0.981	91	TNO	Y	-0.002	Y	2.97	305.19	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2018 TL₆	8.15	0.788	170.9	CEN	Y	-0.881	Y	1.72	14.57	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2018 V3	121.44	0.989	165	TNO	Y	-1.339	Y	1.34	241.54	—	—	MPC · JPL
2018 WB₁	7.25	0.694	152.3	CEN	Y	-0.787	Y	2.22	12.27	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2019 CR	14.46	0.594	160.3	CEN	Y	-2.166	Y	5.87	23.04	—	—	MPC · JPL
2019 EJ₃	24.2	0.956	139.6	NEO	Y	-0.754	Y	1.08	47.32	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 G2	699.85	0.997	159.2	TNO	Y	-1.746	Y	2.29	1397.41	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 G3	17.15	0.834	156.8	CEN	Y	-1.540	Y	2.85	31.45	—	—	MPC · JPL
2019 HC₄	8.79	0.555	134.3	CEN	Y	-0.918	Y	3.91	13.66	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2019 KE₇	11.67	0.702	108.3	CEN	Y	-0.224	Y	3.48	19.86	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2019 KN₁₉	12.42	0.765	14.8	CEN	—	2.342	—	2.91	21.93	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 O2	57.37	0.831	93.3	TNO	Y	-0.121	Y	9.68	105.05	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 O4	32.88	0.889	115.1	TNO	Y	-0.817	Y	3.64	62.12	—	—	MPC · JPL
2019 PN₂	25.11	0.92	113	CEN	Y	-0.465	Y	2.01	48.22	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 Q2	59.68	0.979	159	NEO	Y	-1.205	Y	1.26	118.11	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2019 T1	38.24	0.888	120.9	TNO	Y	-1.143	Y	4.28	72.2	—	—	MPC · JPL
2019 YJ₆	37.39	0.931	22	TNO	—	1.948	Y	2.56	72.22	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2020 A1	25.94	0.936	149	CEN	Y	-1.152	Y	1.67	50.2	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2020 B1	52.32	0.967	18.5	TNO	—	1.641	Y	1.75	102.88	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 BZ₁₂	7.69	0.922	165.5	NEO	Y	-0.237	Y	0.6	14.79	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 EP	10.5	0.764	76.4	CEN	—	0.927	Y	2.48	18.51	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 FH₂₄	14.4	0.773	28.6	CEN	—	2.216	—	3.27	25.52	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2020 H9	341.71	0.992	137.9	TNO	Y	-1.458	Y	2.58	680.84	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 HB₁₁	16.6	0.709	147.3	CEN	Y	-1.808	Y	4.84	28.36	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 KD₆	13.07	0.872	38.7	CEN	—	1.612	Y	1.68	24.47	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 KH₇	7.94	0.502	106.1	CEN	Y	0.061	Y	3.95	11.94	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 KU₇	34.88	0.88	103.8	TNO	Y	-0.440	Y	4.2	65.57	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 ML₁	56.08	0.955	82.5	TNO	—	0.349	Y	2.54	109.62	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2020 M4	5092.51	0.999	160.1	TNO	Y	-2.843	Y	5.95	10179.07	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 OR₅	6.24	0.376	166.6	CEN	Y	-1.139	Y	3.89	8.58	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 OS₅	6.9	0.684	155.8	CEN	Y	-0.779	Y	2.18	11.63	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 OP₇	28.37	0.894	79.5	CEN	—	0.565	Y	3	53.75	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 QN₆	674.79	0.993	76.8	TNO	—	0.627	Y	4.82	1344.75	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 QO₆	19.13	0.875	80.5	CEN	—	0.579	Y	2.39	35.88	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 SJ₅	18.18	0.856	77.4	CEN	—	0.709	Y	2.62	33.74	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 SV₇₉	17.52	0.884	5.7	CEN	—	2.003	—	2.03	33.02	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 TK₉	20.44	0.878	105.6	CEN	Y	-0.254	Y	2.49	38.4	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 VS₆	7.73	0.773	161.2	CEN	Y	-0.791	Y	1.75	13.71	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2020 XQ₇	23.54	0.918	32.5	CEN	—	1.647	Y	1.94	45.14	—	—	MPC · JPL
2020 YR3	501.83	0.967	169.3	TNO	Y	-4.896	Y	16.49	987.16	—	—	MPC · JPL
2021 CT₃	7.6	0.435	160.4	CEN	Y	-1.366	Y	4.29	10.91	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 DL₁	35.41	0.889	148.6	TNO	Y	-1.892	Y	3.93	66.88	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 DN₂	22.12	0.82	10.8	CEN	—	2.555	—	3.99	40.25	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
A/2021 E2	216.27	0.989	167.5	TNO	Y	-1.802	Y	2.29	430.26	—	—	MPC · JPL
A/2021 E4	733.1	0.994	116.4	TNO	Y	-1.181	Y	4.68	1461.53	—	—	MPC · JPL
2021 FQ₂	10.81	0.792	54.9	CEN	—	1.492	Y	2.24	19.37	—	—	MPC · JPL
2021 GQ₅₇	86.21	0.96	125.1	TNO	Y	-1.252	Y	3.46	168.96	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 KL₉	24.64	0.944	2.3	CEN	—	1.652	Y	1.39	47.89	—	—	MPC · JPL
2021 LB₁₈	25.64	0.869	129	CEN	Y	-1.179	Y	3.36	47.92	—	—	MPC · JPL
2021 NX₇	8.412	0.5885	63.78	CEN	—	1.53	Y	3.461	13.36	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 PD	6.322	0.6159	71.35	CEN	—	1.38	Y	2.428	10.22	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 PN₇₂	321.1	0.9859	84.79	TNO	—	0.255	Y	4.524	637.62	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
2021 RM₁₁₄	105.8	0.9619	103.18	TNO	Y	-0.513	Y	4.025	207.49	unusual	—	MPC · JPL
Designation	a (AU)	e	i (°)	Orbital criteria and classes				q (AU)	Q (AU)	Unusual	Catalog	Refs
Designation	a (AU)	e	i (°)	Cls	Retro	T_Jupiter	T_J ≤ 2	q (AU)	Q (AU)	Unusual	Catalog	Refs

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Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c The Jupiter Tisserand invariant or Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter can be derived from Jupiter's semi-major axis (a_J) and the minor planet's orbital elements (a, e and i) as follows:^[9]
$.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}aJ/a + 2(cos i) × √ a/aJ × (1-e2)$
Note
In order to agree with the data displayed at the JPL Small-Body Database from which the orbital elements are sourced,^[8] the calculation of the Tisserand invariant uses a value of 5.203363 AU for Jupiter's osculating semi-major axis (a_J). Also, the degrees of the objects inclination need to be converted into the radian equivalent such as in:
($a_j / $a) + (2 * cos(deg2rad($i))) * sqrt(($a/$a_j) * (1 - $e * $e)).

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Jewitt, David (August 2013). "The DAMOCLOIDS". UCLA, Department of Earth and Space Sciences. Retrieved 14 February 2014. (2013 list / 2011 list / 2010 list)
^ Akimasa Nakamura and bas (2 May 2009). "List of Damocloids (Oort cloud asteroids)". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ Jewitt, David (2005). "A first look at the Damocloids" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 530–538. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..530J. doi:10.1086/426328. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
^ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Search parameters used: Limited by object type/group: Asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2
^ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2 and data-arc span > 30 (d)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ "NEO Close-Approaches (Between 1900 and 2200)". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. (sorted by descending relative velocity, dist<0.5 AU = "215,221 close-Earth approaches")
^ "List Of Other Unusual Objects". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ ^a ^b "JPL Small-Body Orbital Elements – ASCII Files". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
^ Alvarez-Candal, A. (January 2013). "SDSS photometry of asteroids in cometary orbits" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 549: A34. arXiv:1211.4351. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..34A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220274. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119283126.

External links[edit]

A first look at the Damocloids, David Jewitt, January 2005
Damocloid family, David J. Darling

[J-Tisserand-2] The Jupiter Tisserand invariant or Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter can be derived from Jupiter's semi-major axis (a_J) and the minor planet's orbital elements (a, e and i) as follows:^[9]
$.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}aJ/a + 2(cos i) × √ a/aJ × (1-e2)$
Note
In order to agree with the data displayed at the JPL Small-Body Database from which the orbital elements are sourced,^[8] the calculation of the Tisserand invariant uses a value of 5.203363 AU for Jupiter's osculating semi-major axis (a_J). Also, the degrees of the objects inclination need to be converted into the radian equivalent such as in:
($a_j / $a) + (2 * cos(deg2rad($i))) * sqrt(($a/$a_j) * (1 - $e * $e)).

[Jewitt-2013-1] Jewitt, David (August 2013). "The DAMOCLOIDS". UCLA, Department of Earth and Space Sciences. Retrieved 14 February 2014. (2013 list / 2011 list / 2010 list)

[Nakamura-Damocloid-list-3] Akimasa Nakamura and bas (2 May 2009). "List of Damocloids (Oort cloud asteroids)". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved 15 February 2017.

[Jewitt-2005-4] Jewitt, David (2005). "A first look at the Damocloids" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 530–538. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..530J. doi:10.1086/426328. Retrieved 13 February 2011.

[jpl-search-5] "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Search parameters used: Limited by object type/group: Asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2

[jpl-30day-6] "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: asteroids and T-Jupiter <= 2 and data-arc span > 30 (d)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[velocity-7] "NEO Close-Approaches (Between 1900 and 2200)". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. (sorted by descending relative velocity, dist<0.5 AU = "215,221 close-Earth approaches")

[MPC-Other-Unusual-8] "List Of Other Unusual Objects". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[jpl-data-9] "JPL Small-Body Orbital Elements – ASCII Files". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

[Alvarez-Candal-2013-10] Alvarez-Candal, A. (January 2013). "SDSS photometry of asteroids in cometary orbits" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 549: A34. arXiv:1211.4351. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..34A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220274. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119283126.

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