Battle of Malplaquet

Coordinates: 50°20′10″N 3°52′35″E / 50.33611°N 3.87639°E / 50.33611; 3.87639
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battle of Malplaquet
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession

The Battle of Malplaquet, Jan van Huchtenburgh
Date11 September 1709 (1709-09-11)
Location
Taisnières-sur-Hon, French Hainaut
50°20′10″N 3°52′35″E / 50.33611°N 3.87639°E / 50.33611; 3.87639
Result See Aftermath
Belligerents
  France
Commanders and leaders
Strength
86,000 men, 100 guns[1] 75,000 men, 80 guns[2]
Casualties and losses
c. 22,000 c. 11,000

The Battle of Malplaquet took place on 11 September 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession, near Taisnières-sur-Hon in modern France, then part of the Spanish Netherlands. A French army of around 75,000 men, commanded by the Duke of Villars, engaged a Grand Alliance force of 86,000 under the Duke of Marlborough. In one of the bloodiest battles of the 18th century, the Allies won a narrow victory, but suffered heavy casualties.

Allied advances in 1708 led to the renewal of peace talks, which collapsed in April 1709. After taking Tournai in early September, the Allies besieged Mons, whose capture would allow them to enter France itself, and Louis XIV ordered Villars to prevent its loss. Although the two armies made contact on 10 September, the attack was delayed until the next day, giving Villars time to construct strong defensive positions.

After an opening artillery barrage, the Allied infantry made simultaneous assaults on the French flanks. These were intended to divert troops from their centre, weakening it sufficiently so it could then be broken by a mass Allied cavalry charge. Although successful in previous battles, at Malplaquet the flank attacks incurred heavy casualties, while the French cavalry ensured their centre did not collapse. This allowed their infantry to retreat in good order, with the Allies too exhausted to conduct a pursuit.

Most historians estimate Allied losses as about 22,000 killed or wounded, those of the French being around 11,000. These levels shocked contemporaries, and heightened internal divisions within the Grand Alliance over the wisdom of continuing the war. By saving his army, Villars ultimately enabled Louis to negotiate far better peace terms in 1713 than those available in 1709. However, it did little to change the immediate strategic situation; Mons surrendered shortly afterward and the Allies resumed their advance in 1710.

Background[edit]

By early 1709, the French state was bankrupt, while the severe winter of 1708–1709 caused widespread famine; garrisons at Tournai, Arras, St Omer, Valenciennes and Cambrai all mutinied over lack of food and pay.[3] Desperate to end the war, Louis XIV initiated peace talks with the Grand Alliance in The Hague. He accepted most of their terms, including replacing his grandson Philip V of Spain with the Habsburg candidate Archduke Charles, the principle for which they were ostensibly fighting. However, he and his ministers could not agree to the demand French troops be used to remove Philip, and talks broke down at the end of April.[4]

Battle of Malplaquet is located in Hauts-de-France
Douai
Douai
Tournai
Tournai
Mons
Mons
Ypres
Ypres
Malplaquet
Malplaquet
Saint-Venant
Saint-Venant
Boussu
Boussu
Le Quesnoy
Le Quesnoy
class=notpageimage|
Key locations; modern French region of Hauts-de-France (dark green), Belgium (light green)

When the 1709 campaign began, Louis ordered Villars to avoid battle and to prevent any further deterioration in the French position. Ordinarily an extremely aggressive general, Villars instead built defensive lines along the River Scarpe, running from Saint-Venant to Douai.[5]

For their part, the Allies were convinced France was on the verge of collapse, and looked to keep up the pressure by advancing through the line of border fortresses known as the Frontière de fer. In contrast to the French, whose strategy was ultimately determined by Louis XIV, Allied plans had to be approved separately by the British, Dutch and Austrian governments, which often required compromise. Marlborough, the Allied commander, considered the positions held by Villars too strong for a frontal assault, and since the Dutch opposed his preferred option of Ypres, he agreed to make Tournai the main objective for 1709.[6]

Although persistent heavy rain caused further delays, the siege of Tournai commenced on 15 June; one of the strongest fortresses in France and held by a garrison of 7,700, it surrendered on 3 September and Marlborough immediately marched on Mons.[7] Having assumed Tournai would hold out until October and thus consume the entire 1709 campaign season, Louis now ordered Villars to prevent the loss of Mons "at all costs...the salvation of France is at stake".[2] The main Allied army arrived east of the town on 7 September, awaiting the arrival of their siege artillery from Tournai; Villars took up positions to the southwest on the 9th, leaving the two forces facing each other across the gap of Malplaquet.[8]

Prelude[edit]

Disposition of forces; Allied (upper right), French (lower left)

Knowing Villars had been instructed to fight for Mons, Marlborough and his deputy Prince Eugene of Savoy were confident of winning a victory that would effectively end the war. At the same time, while conscious of the implications of defeat, Villars informed Louis XIV he must fight, or his army would dissolve.[2] The Allies delayed their attack pending the arrival of 1,900 men from Tournai under Henry Withers, a decision criticised then and later, one analyst arguing "the battle should have taken place on 10 September, or not at all".[9] This gave Villars an extra day to construct defensive positions, including earthworks covering the open ground in the centre, and additional entrenchments extending into the woods on either side.[2]

Marlborough's plan was the same as he had successfully employed at Blenheim, Ramillies and Oudenarde. On each occasion, frontal assaults on the French flanks forced them to move troops from the centre, which was then broken by mass cavalry attacks. Although Marlborough's leading units took heavy casualties, overall losses were substantially less than those suffered by the defeated. In contrast, at Malplaquet the French held strong defensive positions, were better led, and highly motivated.[10][a] Villars had also learned from defeat at Ramillies, where he arguably over-extended his line,[12] while the battlefield was much more restricted, allowing him to concentrate his infantry in defensive positions. It also prevented Marlborough from quickly shifting troops between wings, a tactic he often adopted to keep opponents off balance.[13]

The French army consisted of 80 guns and between 75,000 and 80,000 men, including significant numbers of Bavarian and Swiss mercenaries, as well as the Irish Brigade. Villars himself commanded the left, de la Colonie the centre, with the right led by 67-year-old Marshal Louis-François de Boufflers, who was senior to Villars in rank but volunteered to serve under him. The infantry held a continuous line of entrenchments supported by artillery, with the cavalry massed in the rear.[1]

Facing them was an Allied army of roughly 86,000 men and 100 guns. Prince Eugene commanded the right wing, which contained around 30,000 German and Danish infantry. The left wing consisted of 18,000 Dutch infantry under the Prince of Orange, with their 10,000 cavalrymen under the Prince of Hesse-Kassel directly behind them. The Dutch contingent as a whole was under the overall control of Count Tilly, who had succeeded Lord Overkirk as senior commander.[b][16][14] Finally, the Earl of Orkney commanded the centre, consisting of 8,000 mostly British infantry, with the bulk of the 30,000 Allied cavalry to their rear.[17]

Battle[edit]

Dutch troops at Malplaquet led by the Prince of Orange

The battle began at 07:00 on 11 September with an artillery bombardment. This ended at 08:30, when the Allied right assaulted French positions in Sars Wood, led by Count Finckenstein, Lottum and Schulenburg. Three hours of close combat ensued, with both sides taking heavy losses, while Prince Eugene was wounded in the neck, but refused to leave the field. At around 09:00, the Dutch, commanded by François Nicolas Fagel, moved against the French right with 13 battalions, including Swiss mercenaries and the Scots Brigade. Despite some initial success, they were repulsed, and the Prince of Orange and Sicco van Goslinga then ordered another 17 battalions to support Fagel by attacking French positions around Blairon Farm.[18][19]

Faced with an enemy double their numbers, the Dutch incurred over 5,000 casualties in capturing Blairon Farm, including many senior officers.[20][21] Despite these losses, the Prince of Orange continued his attacks until Marlborough ordered him to stop. Covered by their cavalry, the Dutch withdrew to their original positions, while Orkney later wrote their dead lay "as thick as ever you saw a flock of sheep."[22] Some British commentators claim the attack was intended as a "demonstration" rather than a full-scale assault, but this appears unlikely. Marlborough blamed himself for not monitoring the Prince of Orange more carefully, and took full responsibility for the failure.[23][24]

Meanwhile, pressure from Prince Eugene forced Villars to keep moving troops from the centre to prevent the collapse of his left wing. Withers and the detachment from Tournai arrived too late to support the Dutch, and were instructed instead to make a flanking move north of the French lines in Sars Wood. This manoeuvre took over two hours to complete, by which time the fighting had largely ended, but their approach forced Villars to reinforce his left with another twelve battalions.[25] By midday, he had taken over seventy-seven battalions from the centre, leaving nine French battalions and sixty cavalry squadrons facing twenty-three and eighty respectively.[26] This allowed Orkney's infantry to over-run their positions in the early afternoon; soon after, Villars was badly wounded and transferred command to Boufflers, with Puységur taking over the left.[27]

Battle of Maplaquet by Louis Laguerre; Allied troops enter the French positions

Dutch cavalry squadrons under Grovestins now broke through the French positions, before being attacked by the elite Maison du Roi cavalry under Boufflers.[c] Superior numbers forced the Allied cavalry back, before the French in turn were repulsed by Orkney's infantry. The Allied horse advanced once again and engaged the French in what was the largest cavalry action of the 18th century.[29] As this unfolded, the French left finally began to crumble under pressure from Withers and Schulenburg.[30]

Puységur began to withdraw, while the Prince of Orange led another mass assault against the French right. Despite initial success, the Dutch were repulsed with heavy loss, before Grovestins' cavalry approached the French positions from the rear, forcing them to finally abandon their entrenchments.[31][d] At 15:00 Boufflers ordered a general retreat in the direction of Le Quesnoy, some 25 kilometres (16 mi) away,[33] with the Allies too exhausted to pursue.[30]

Casualties[edit]

Most commentators put Allied casualties between 21,000 and 25,000 killed or wounded,[34] 8,462 of which were incurred by the Dutch infantry.[30][e] Other estimates range from a low of 15,000 [36] to a high of 30,000.[37] There is less consensus on French losses, which are generally put at between 11,000 and 14,000,[38][39] Other estimates suggest a low of 7,000,[40] to a high of 17,000 killed or wounded, plus 500 prisoners.[f][22][42][43][g]

Aftermath[edit]

The Pré carré line on the French northern border, defended by a line of fortresses known as the Ceinture de fer (marked in red and green); by the end of 1710, this line was badly compromised

Although horrified by the casualties, contemporaries considered Malplaquet an Allied victory since they retained possession of the battlefield, while Mons surrendered on 21 October.[45][46] The French commanders focused on the losses they inflicted, Boufflers reporting to Louis XIV that "...misfortune compels me to announce the loss of another battle, but I can assure your Majesty misfortune has never been accompanied by greater glory".[47] In a similar vein, Villars later wrote: "If God grants us the grace to lose such a battle again, Your Majesty can count on all of his enemies being destroyed".[48]

It has also been argued Malplaquet was a French strategic victory; despite the loss of Mons, keeping his army largely intact meant Louis was able to negotiate far better peace terms in 1713 than those available in 1709.[49][50] However, while it highlighted Allied divisions over war aims and concerns over the cost,[h] these issues predated Malplaquet; even before the 1709 campaign, Marlborough was among those who felt Whig demands of "No Peace Without Spain" were excessive.[52] In that respect, Malplaquet had less impact on British government policy than Spanish successes at Alicante and La Gudina.[53]

At the beginning of the war, the French army was viewed as the best in Europe, a reputation shattered by a series of defeats between 1704 and 1708.[54] French historian André Corvisier suggests the importance of Malplaquet in French military history was primarily psychological; despite being a narrow defeat which did little to change the immediate strategic situation, it is seen as more significant than their victory at Denain in 1712. He argues 18th century authors viewed it as the point when the French army regained its confidence, while for those writing after the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, it provided proof of French resilience and ability to recover from catastrophic defeat.[55]

Victory at Villaviciosa in December 1710 signalled the collapse of Allied ambitions in Spain and accelerated peace talks

Before peace talks resumed in 1710, Marlborough wrote to the Allied negotiators that "thanks to our victory..., you may have what peace you want".[56] His reasoning was that the French had failed to hold Mons, and after Malplaquet could only act on the defensive.[57] In spring 1710, the Allies resumed their advance almost unopposed; by September they had broken through the secondary line of the "Pré carré", capturing Douai, Béthune, Aire and Saint-Venant. Short of supplies due to crop failures, and with many regiments reduced to less than half their official size, Villars could not risk the last significant French field army in another battle.[58]

The immediate impact of Malplaquet was political rather than military; and when peace negotiations resumed in March 1710 at Geertruidenberg, it was clear the mood in Britain had changed.[59] Although actual British losses were comparatively low,[i] Marlborough's domestic opponents used the heavy casualties to attack him.[61] Reluctance to continue fighting for what seemed marginal gains resulted in a landslide victory for the Tories in the October 1710 British general election, although they confirmed their commitment to the war to prevent a credit crisis.[62][j] Despite success in France, British opposition to continuing the war was strengthened by defeats at Brihuega and Villaviciosa in December 1710 which confirmed Philip V as king of Spain, ostensibly the original cause of the war.[64]

Portraits of Eugene of Savoy, Marlborough and the Prince of Orange, by Pieter Tanjé

The Dutch blamed their losses on Marlborough's tactics, as well as on Withers for allegedly failing to support them. The Prince of Orange was also criticised for continuing his attacks when it became clear the French positions were too strong.[65] Nevertheless, he was entrusted with concluding the siege of Mons, which surrendered at the end of October.[66] However, unlike the English, Grand Pensionary Anthonie Heinsius and other Dutch politicians felt their heavy casualties required more stringent peace terms. Sicco van Goslinga, one of the Dutch field deputies attached to Marlborough's staff, considered their demands unrealistic. He argued such casualties were to be expected, given they had taken Tournai and Mons, "two of the strongest fortresses in Europe", and won "one of the hardest battles ever fought".[65]

In April 1711, the Habsburg candidate for the Spanish throne, Archduke Charles, succeeded his brother Joseph as Holy Roman Emperor, making the continuation of the war pointless since the union of Spain with Austria was as unwelcome to Britain as one with France.[67] While the capture of Bouchain in September 1711 left the road to Paris open, the British bypassed their allies and secretly negotiated peace terms directly with Louis XIV, signing the Preliminary Articles of London on 8 October 1711.[68] At the end of 1711, Marlborough was replaced by the Tory Duke of Ormonde, who was ordered to prevent any further offensive action by British troops.[69]

Swiss mercenaries fought on both sides in the battle: six battalions with the French, including two of Swiss Guards, and another eight with the Dutch. Two were commanded by members of the von May family from Bern: Gabriel for the Dutch and Hans Rudolf for the French. With more than 8,000 Swiss casualties, the battle caused heavy controversy in the Swiss Diet. Malplaquet was the last action where Swiss mercenaries directly engaged one another until Bailén in 1808.[70]

Written many years later, a firsthand account of the battle is given in the book Amiable Renegade: The Memoirs of Peter Drake (1671–1753).[71] An Irishman who served in various European armies, Drake fought with the Maison du Roi at Malplaquet and was captured after being wounded several times.[72] Another notable Irish émigré, Féilim Ó Néill, was among those killed serving with the Irish Brigade.[73]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ One suggestion is that this was partly due to the mixing of regular troops with militia units who had not been demoralised by past defeats.[11]
  2. ^ Tilly led the entire left wing in name, but he had anti-orangist sympathies, while his officers were largely on the side of the Prince of Orange, and thus obeyed him more than they obeyed Tilly.[14] Tilly seems to have had little tactical influence throughout the battle.[15]
  3. ^ According to Quincy, James Francis Edward Stuart, under the pseudonym Chevalier de St. George, rode with the Maison du Roi as a volunteer during this charge.[28]
  4. ^ Sicco van Goslinga about the Dutch casualties: "Yesterday, the princes and generals saw...how our men lay against the field fortifications and entrenchments, still in the rank orders as they had fallen. Our infantry is dilapidated and ruined and will never return. [...] The Count of Tilly will draw up a list [of the dead and wounded] in accordance with the advice of the generals and colonels. [...] It is undesirable for us to risk the cause of the Republic."[32]
  5. ^ The British lost 1,800 killed or wounded, although this excludes those serving in the Dutch Scots Brigade.[35]
  6. ^ Dumont and Rousset de Missy relate that after the battle, it was agreed that 1,500 French wounded, who had been left behind during the retreat, would be considered Prisoners of War until exchanged for an equal number of Allied prisoners.[41]
  7. ^ The estimate of 17,000 is supported by an intercepted letter from a French officer, who wrote: "...we had at least seven thousand killed on the battlefield, and more than ten thousand wounded. We cannot yet fathom the true reason why the enemy did not show more eagerness to pursue us: but it is believed that it was because of the loss of his foot soldiers."[44]
  8. ^ In 1709, Parliament approved expenditures of £6.4 million, up from £5.0 million in 1706; by the end of 1710, these had doubled to £12.9 million.[51]
  9. ^ Estimates suggest 600 dead, plus another 1,500 wounded.[60]
  10. ^ Tory opposition to the war originated in foreign policy differences going back to the 1690s; Whigs viewed a Continental strategy as essential, while Tories favoured using the Royal Navy to attack foreign trade, with European commitments seen as overly expensive and primarily of benefit to others.[63]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Lynn 1999, p. 332.
  2. ^ a b c d Lynn 1999, p. 331.
  3. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 328.
  4. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 412.
  5. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 330.
  6. ^ Holmes 2008, pp. 417–418.
  7. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 422.
  8. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 423.
  9. ^ Burton 1968, pp. 134–135.
  10. ^ Bergin 2001, pp. 138–139.
  11. ^ Drévillon & Fonck 2017, p. 36.
  12. ^ Chandler & Beckett 1996, p. 71.
  13. ^ Burton 1968, p. 135.
  14. ^ a b Van Lennep 1880, p. 280.
  15. ^ De Graaf 2021, p. 153.
  16. ^ Van Nimwegen 2020, p. 313.
  17. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 426.
  18. ^ De Graaf 2021, pp. 159–174.
  19. ^ Van Nimwegen 2020, pp. 314–315.
  20. ^ Chandler 1996, p. 294.
  21. ^ Wijn 1959, p. 544.
  22. ^ a b Van Nimwegen 2020, p. 318.
  23. ^ Chandler 1996, p. 261.
  24. ^ Wijn 1959, p. 527.
  25. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 333.
  26. ^ Chandler & Beckett 1996, p. 84.
  27. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 431.
  28. ^ Sevin de Quincy 1726, pp. 197, 202.
  29. ^ De Graaf 2021, pp. 173–174.
  30. ^ a b c Holmes 2008, p. 433.
  31. ^ Wijn 1959, p. 537.
  32. ^ De Graaf 2021, p. 184.
  33. ^ Penant 2019, p. 222.
  34. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 334; Holmes 2008, p. 433; Clodfelter 2017, p. 74; Chandler 1996, p. 265; Somerset 2012, p. 387.
  35. ^ MacDowall 2020, p. 84.
  36. ^ Thackeray & Findling 1998, p. 34.
  37. ^ Delbrück 1919, p. 229.
  38. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 334.
  39. ^ Corvisier 1997, p. 1; Delbrück 1919, p. 229; Somerset 2012, p. 387.
  40. ^ Périni 1906, p. 227.
  41. ^ Dumont et al. 1729, p. 97.
  42. ^ Wijn 1959, p. 543.
  43. ^ Van Alphen et al. 2019, p. 95.
  44. ^ De Vryer 1738, pp. 444–445.
  45. ^ Lynn 1999, pp. 334–335.
  46. ^ Delbrück 1919, p. 325.
  47. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 434.
  48. ^ Anquetil 1819, p. 241.
  49. ^ MacDowall 2020, p. 89.
  50. ^ Parrott 2001, p. 125.
  51. ^ Hattendorf 1987, p. 304.
  52. ^ Bergin 2001, pp. 125–126, 140.
  53. ^ Gregg 1980, p. 289.
  54. ^ MacDowall 2020, p. 23.
  55. ^ Corvisier 1997, pp. 2–4.
  56. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 336.
  57. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 337.
  58. ^ Lynn 1999, p. 338.
  59. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 435.
  60. ^ Somerset 2012, p. 387.
  61. ^ Somerset 2012, pp. 386–387.
  62. ^ Simms 2008, pp. 60–64.
  63. ^ Shinsuke 2013, pp. 37–40.
  64. ^ Kamen 2001, p. 101.
  65. ^ a b Van Nimwegen 2020, pp. 319–320.
  66. ^ De Graaf 2021, pp. 186–187.
  67. ^ Somerset 2012, p. 445.
  68. ^ Bromley 1979, pp. 459–460.
  69. ^ Somerset 2012, p. 471.
  70. ^ Z'Graggen 2018, p. 51.
  71. ^ Drake 1960, pp. 163–170.
  72. ^ Holmes 2008, p. 432.
  73. ^ Instituto Português de Heráldica 2006, p. 391.

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Further reading[edit]

  • Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905). Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern.
  • Braun, Hans: Hans Rudolf von May in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2009.
  • Garrison, F.H. (1970). Notes on the history of military medicine. Legare Street Press. ISBN 978-1397937636.
  • Green, Howard (1971). Famous engagements. Vol. 2, Marathon to Passchendaele. Cooper. ISBN 978-0850520408.
  • Jones, J.R. (1993). Marlborough. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521375719.
  • Nicholson, G.W.L. (1955). Marlborough and The War of the Spanish Succession. Army Headquarters.
  • Nicholson, Soterios (2018) [1916]. War or an United World: With a Review of Its Precursors in Europe, a Retrospect and Estimate. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1528477857.
  • Parrott, David (2001). "War and international relations". In Bergin, Joseph (ed.). The Seventeenth Century: Europe 1598–1715. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–141.
  • Thomas, Edward (1915). The Life of the Duke of Marlborough. Hardpress Publishing.
  • Tucker, Spencer C (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 872. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
  • Van Alphen, Marc; Hoffenaar, Jan; Lemmers, Alan; Van der Spek, Christiaan (2019). Krijgsmacht en Handelsgeest: Om het machtsevenwicht in Europa (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 978-90-244-3038-3.
  • Van Alphen, Marc; Hoffenaar, Jan; Lemmers, Alan; Van der Spek, Christiaan (2021). Military Power And The Dutch Republic: War, Trade and the Balance of Power in Europe, 1648–1813. Boom. ISBN 978-9087283650.
  • Weir, William (2004). 50 battles that changed the world : the conflicts that most influenced the course of history. New York: Franklin Lakes, NJ : New Page Books. ISBN 1564144917.

External links[edit]

Media related to Battle of Malplaquet at Wikimedia Commons

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