Ring (diacritic)

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◌̊ ◌̥
Ring

A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.

Rings[edit]

Distinct letter[edit]

The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.

Overring[edit]

Street name "At the beehives" in Roudnice nad Labem - Czech Republic

The character Ů (ů) a Latin U with overring, or kroužek is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, which identifies a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written kóň, which evolved, along with pronunciation, into kuoň. Ultimately, the vowel [o] disappeared completely, and the uo evolved into ů, modern form kůň. The letter ů now has the same pronunciation as the letter ú (long [uː]), but changes to a short o when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně, nom. dům → gen. domu), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. Ů cannot occur in initial position, while ú occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The [uo] pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů.

The ring is used in some dialects of Emilian and Romagnol to distinguish the sound /ʌ/ (å) from /a/ (a).

ů was used in Old Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong [uo].

The ring was used in the Lithuanian Cyrillic alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊ used to represent the /wɔ/ diphthong (now written uo in Lithuanian orthography).

ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn (ـَوْ) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) is romanized as aẙ.

Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain dialectologists of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the /ə/ vowel typically replacing /i/ and /y/ in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ë for the same sound.

Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the combining character U+030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).

The standalone (spacing) symbol is U+02DA ˚ RING ABOVE. The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN.

Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese handakuten (U+309A ◌゚ COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK), a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with h to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with [p]. In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with kana for syllables starting with k to indicate their consonant is [ŋ], with syllables starting with r to indicate their consonant is l though this does not change the pronunciation, with kana u to indicate its morph into kana n, and with kana i to indicate the vowel is to be said as [ɨ].

In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (Cree and Ojibwe final w, or Sayisi o) and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final w or final y). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in Moose Cree and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final y; in Inuktitut, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.

Unicode has:

  • U+030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE
  • U+00C5 Å LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+00E5 å LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+016E Ů LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+016F ů LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+1E98 LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+1E99 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE
  • U+212B ANGSTROM SIGN
  • U+1402 CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI
  • U+1430 CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI
  • U+144D CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI
  • U+146C CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI
  • U+148A CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI
  • U+14A4 CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI
  • U+14C1 CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI
  • U+14D4 CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI
  • U+14EE CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI
  • U+1527 CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI
  • U+1545 CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI
  • U+1554 CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI
  • U+157E CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI
  • U+158E CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI
  • U+18B0 CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY
  • U+18B1 CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY
  • U+18B2 CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY
  • U+18B3 CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY
  • U+18B4 CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY
  • U+18B5 CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY
  • U+18B6 CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY
  • U+18B7 CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY
  • U+18B8 CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY
  • U+18B9 CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY
  • U+18BA CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY
  • U+18BB CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY
  • U+18BC CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY
  • U+18BD CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY
  • U+18BE CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY
  • U+18BF CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY
  • U+18C0 CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY
  • U+18C1 CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY
  • U+18C2 CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY
  • U+18C3 CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY
  • U+18C4 CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY
  • U+18C5 CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY

Underring[edit]

Unicode encodes the underring at U+0325 ◌̥ COMBINING RING BELOW

The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (IAST) to indicate syllabicity of r, l, m, n etc. (e.g. corresponding to IPA [ɹ̩]). R with ring below, L with ring below, R with ring below and macron, and L with ring below and macron were proposed for Unicode because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set.[1] This proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as sequences.[2]

In Pashto romanization, is used to represent /ə/.[3]

Examples:

  • U+1E00 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW
  • U+1E01 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW

Emilian[edit]

In Emilian, can be used to represent unstressed /ə/ in very accurate transcriptions.

Romagnol[edit]

In Romagnol, is used to represent /ə/ in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig [aˈməiɡ] 'friend', ne̥ud [ˈnəud] 'naked'.

Half rings[edit]

Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters U+0351 ◌͑ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING ABOVE and U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE. These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, denoting less and more roundedness, as alternatives to half rings below U+031C ◌̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW and U+0339 ◌̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW. They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹.

U+1E9A LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING instead of U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE.

Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the U+0559 ◌ՙ ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING and the U+055A ◌՚ ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE.

Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.

Other uses[edit]

The ring is used in the transliteration of Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.

Letters with ring[edit]

Similar marks[edit]

The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or U+0366 ◌ͦ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.

The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the comma or ogonek diacritic marks.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Proposal to Encode Latin Letters for the Transliteration of Indic Vocalic Letters" (PDF). unicode.org. 2013-10-28.
  2. ^ "Draft Minutes of UTC Meeting 137". unicode.org. 2013-11-25.
  3. ^ "Grammar of the Pḁṣ̌tō or Language of the Afghāns: Compared with the Īrānian". J.J. Heckenhauer. 1873.

External links[edit]